Entrepreneur et socialisation de la production capitaliste (Entrepreneur and socialisation of capitalist production)

La commercialisation des plantes transgéniques suscite de vives polémiques sur les implications scientifiques et éthiques des manipulations du génome des plantes. Les questions scientifiques, environnementales et sanitaires masquent toutefois les enjeux économiques sous-jacents. En effet, les biotechno- 1ogies suscitent un intérêt économique croissant non seulement de la part des firmes, mais aussi des États. Les biotechnologies végétales sont considérées comme un domaine d'avenir, source de croissance économique et d'emplois. Cependant les nouvelles activités sont de plus en plus dominées par les grands groupes de l'agrochimie. Si les petites firmes semblent jouer un rôle crucial dans cette révolution économique, les biotechnologies permettent une recomposition du paysage industriel au bénéfice des grands groupes – remodelant tout en renforçant cet oligopole mondial très concentré. The commercialization of transgenic plants rises several discussions on the scientific and ethical implications of plant-genome manipulations. However the scientific and sanitary questions mask the underlying economic stakes. Actually biotechnology engenders an economic interest not only from corporations, but also from States. Biotechnology, in general and more specifically in agriculture, is considered as a source of economic growth and jobs creation. If small firms seem to play a crucial role in this economic revolu-tion, biotechnology gives the agrochemical giants the opportunity to restructure the industrial landscape to their benefit–remodeling while strengthening this highly concentrated worldwide oligopoly.Entrepreneur, pensée économique, innovation, socialisation, production capitaliste Entrepreneur, economic thought, innovation, the capitaliste

Innovation, accmulation et valeur (innovation, accumulation, and value)

L'économie évolue, selon certains économistes et historiens, en suivant des périodes de prospérité, de déclin, de reprise et de croissance. Il est alors important de comprendre cette logique et de l'appliquer à la période actuelle de profondes mutations des activités économiques et sociales. Schumpeter analyse le processus d'accumulation à long terme, mais il met bien en évidence les transformations fondamentales du système capitaliste au fil de son évolution. Aujourd'hui, la finance, l'information et la flexibilité de l'utilisation du capital et du travail portent les germes d'une nouvelle organisation de la société. L'entreprise devient un espace de regroupement d'activités et de pratiques éparses ; la socialisation de la production et la généralisation des rapports marchands sont de moyens de moins en moins compatibles avec la centralisation des richesses entre les mains des centres privés de pouvoir et de décision. For some economists and historians, the economy evolves in following periods of prosperity, decline, recovery and growth. It is important to understand this logic and apply it to the current period of deep change in economic and social activities. Schumpeter analyses the long-term accumulation process and gives prominence to the fundamental changes occurring in the evolution of the capitalist system. Today finance, information and flexibility in the use of capital and labour contain the seeds of a new organisation of the society. The firm becomes a place for rallying of scattered activities and practices; socialisation of production and generalisation of market relations are a means which are less and less compatible with centralisation of wealth in the hands of private centres of power and decision.Innovation, valeur, évolution cyclique, Shumpeter Innovation, value, cyclical evolution, Shumpeter

Teaching Real-Time Scheduling Analysis with Cheddar

National audienceThis article is a presentation of the Cheddar toolset.Cheddar is a GPL open-source scheduling analysis tool.It has been designed and distributed to allow students to understand the main concepts of the real-time scheduling theory.The tool is built around a simplified ADL (Architecture Description Language)devoted to real-time scheduling theory. Students can directly build their real-time systems models with this ADL andits associated editor, however, it is expected that they use modeling tools to illustrate how scheduling analysis fits in an engineering process.In this article, we introduce the Cheddar ADL and the scheduling analysis features of Cheddar. We alsopresent how Cheddar is implemented and how it can be adapted to specific requirements.Two examples of use of Cheddar are then described.Finally, in the annex of this article, teachers may find a sample of hand-outs that may be used to illustrate real-time scheduling theory with their students

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia

In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Publicité et officine (aspects juridiques)

PARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Introduction. Cuba : les temporalités et tensions du changement.

« Desde la aprobación de los Lineamientos por el pasado Congreso nos quedaba claro que el proceso de su implementación no constituiría un camino fácil, libre de obstáculos y contradicciones, así como que las transformaciones fundamentales requeridas para la actualización del modelo nos tomarían más de un quinquenio. […] No han faltado, como era lógico esperar, sentimientos de nostalgia hacia otros momentos menos complejos del proceso revolucionario, cuando existían la Unión Soviética y el cam..

Culture and Institution: Cuban Dynamics of Change, International Journal of Cuban Studies

International audienc

Cuba : temporalités et tensions du changement, Cahiers des Amériques latines

International audienc