Iniciação Científica por Meio da Pesquisa Experimental In Vivo: Relato de Experiência Acadêmica

A pesquisa científica é o alicerce para a evolução do conhecimento humano. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência acadêmica na iniciação científica por meio da pesquisa experimental in vivo. A iniciação científica foi desenvolvida com o uso de terapias alternativas no tratamento da cicatrização da pele em ratos. O público-alvo envolveu alunos dos cursos de bacharelado em Enfermagem, Farmácia e Biologia. Durante a iniciação científica, os alunos participaram da leitura crítica de artigos científicos, da redação do projeto de pesquisa, do desenvolvimento experimental, de protocolos experimentais e de eventos científicos. A experiência resultou para o aluno no avanço na fronteira do conhecimento sobre as ciências básicas e no uso de modelos animais na pesquisa experimental. Contudo, a obtenção de recursos financeiros e humanos representou um obstáculo durante a condução das atividades. Conclui-se que a iniciação científica agrega valores essenciais na formação acadêmica, principalmente no que se refere à capacidade de tomada de decisão e de raciocínio crítico. Além disso, para o contexto deste relato resultou no maior interesse e na procura pela pesquisa científica.Scientific research is the foundation for the evolution of human knowledge. This study aims to describe the academic experience in scientific initiation through experimental research in vivo. The scientific initiation was developed with the use of alternative therapies in the treatment in the healing of the skin in rats. The target audience involved students in the bachelor’s degree in Nursing, Pharmacy and Biology. During the scientific initiation the students participated in the critical reading of scientific articles, writing research project, experimental development, experimental protocols and scientific events. The experiment resulted in the student advancing the frontier of knowledge about the basic sciences and the use of animal models in experimental research. However, obtaining financial and human resources was an obstacle during the conduct of the activities. It is concluded that the scientific initiation adds essential values in the academic formation, mainly in what refers to the capacity in the decision making and the critical reasoning. In addition, this initiative has resulted in greater interest and demand for scientific research

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd < 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays