Perspektiven und Potentiale von Open Data für die Sportwissenschaft: Das „Was“, das „Warum“ und das „Wie“

Open Science practices have become well established in recent years. In this position paper, we argue that Open Data in particular holds great potential for empirical research in sports science, and sport and exercise psychology in particular, since it fosters the reintegration of scientific knowledge as primary research data in subsequent research life cycles. On that account, the sports science community has to develop a unified position on research data management, which supports the implementation of Open Science practices and standards. To this end, in this article we first define Open Science and research data management (RDM) and describe them in the context of sports science. We then present examples of existing, relevant RDM solutions, with a particular focus on sport and exercise psychology and neighboring disciplines. Finally, we derive perspectives for the development of a sustainable RDM structure and present current developments within the German sports science community.Open Science-Praktiken haben sich in den letzten Jahren in vielen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen etabliert. In diesem Positionspapier argumentieren wir, dass insbesondere Open Data ein großes Potenzial für die empirische Forschung innerhalb der Sportwissenschaft birgt, da es die Reintegration von sportwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen als primäre Forschungsdaten in nachfolgende Forschungszyklen fördert. Dies erfordert innerhalb der Sportwissenschaft die Entwicklung einer gemeinsamen Position zum Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM), welche die Implementierung von Open Science Praktiken ermöglicht. Zu diesem Zweck werden wir in diesem Artikel zunächst Open Science und Forschungsdatenmanagement definieren und im Kontext der Sportwissenschaft beschreiben. Anschließend werden Beispiele für bestehende FDM-Lösungen vorgestellt, unter besonderer Fokussierung auf Sportpsychologie und benachbarte Disziplinen. Abschließend werden Perspektiven für die Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen FDM-Struktur innerhalb der deutschen Sportwissenschaft, mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Sportpsychologie abgeleitet. Wir argumentieren, dass solch eine Struktur auf bereits etablierte FDM-Lösungen aufbauen müssen, um den spezifischen Herausforderungen der Sportwissenschaft als Querschnittswissenschaft Rechnung zu tragen.Open access publication enabled by Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)

Prosoziales Verhalten in großen Gruppen

Die vorliegende Arbeit adressiert im Gegenstandsbereich prosozialen Verhaltens die Wahrnehmung, das Verhalten und die Verhaltensgründe von Individuen im Kontext großer Gruppen. Die Analyse bezieht sich dabei auf ökonomische, soziologische und sozialpsychologische Verhaltenstheorien. Es wird untersucht, ob das empirisch beobachtete Verhalten von Individuen in großen Gruppen in einen einheitlichen theoretischen Rahmen integriert werden kann.Drawing on theories from economics, sociology and social psychology, this research on pro-social behavior addresses the perception, behavior and behavioral patterns of individuals in the context of large groups. It investigates whether the empirically observable behavior of individuals in large groups can be integrated into a unifying theoretical framework

Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien auf Mehrheitsentscheidungen in einem spieltheoretischen Social-Good-Experiment

Vor dem Hintergrund heterogener, teils widersprüchlicher experimenteller Befunde zum prosozialen Entscheidungsverhalten in großen Gruppen wird die Forschungsfrage gestellt, welchen Einfluss die finanzielle Schlechterstellung von unterschiedlich großen Subgruppen auf das Verhalten von Individu-en hat. Hierzu werden Daten aus neun Varianten eines spieltheoretischen Social-Good-Großgruppen-experiments (Spiel 1: Hörsaalexperiment Uni Köln mit N=99, Laborexperiment im Kölner Laboratorium für Wirtschaftsforschung [CLER] mit N=162) mit 33 bzw. 27 Gruppenmitgliedern erhoben. Die Ver-suchspersonen müssen sich per Mehrheitsentscheid zwischen Gruppeninteresse und Eigeninteresse entscheiden. Die Messung behavioraler Komponenten wird kombiniert mit einer Erhebung der Ent-scheidungsgründe anhand von schriftlichen Survey-Fragen und qualitativen Interviews. Die Messung wird zudem um die Erhebung einer Spendenoption (Spiel 2; N=162) ergänzt. Es zeigen sich folgende Effekte: Akteure verhalten sich mehrheitlich eigennutzmaximierend. Jedoch wählen viele Individuen auch in großen Gruppen die distributiv faire Alternative im Rahmen der spezifischen Low-Cost-Hypothese. Nur wenn eine sehr kleine Minderheit stark benachteiligt wird, kommt es hochsignifikant zur Hilfe für die Benachteiligten im Sinne des Identifiable-Victim-Effekts. Das Modell der Frame-Selektion (MFS) erweist sich als aussagekräftig für die Erklärung, unter welchen Bedingungen Individu-en ein bestimmtes der konkurrierenden Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien auswählen. Jedoch kann die Annahme situationenüberspannender sozialer Präferenzen nicht bestätigt werden.Previous experimental findings about the decision-making behavior of individuals interacting in large groups tend to be contradictory. This essay focusses on the question how (monetary) discrimination of various subgroups influence the individual decision-making process in large groups. For this purpose, data from nine variants of a game-theoretical social good group experiment with 33 respectively 27 group members were analyzed. Participants had to decide between group interest and self-interest by majority vote. The quantitative analysis of individual decision-making is complemented by a written survey and a qualitative interview. Furthermore, individuals have the opportunity to donate some of their post-game funds to a charity. The results are as follows: The majority of individuals act self-maximizing. However, a significant amount of individuals, even in large groups, choose the concept of equality as principle of justice within the framework of the specific low-cost hypothesis. Only if a very small minority is heavily disadvantaged, it is highly significant to help the disadvantaged group mem-bers in the sense of the identifiable victim effect. The model of frame selection (MFS) proves successful in explaining when individuals select one of several competing justice principles. However, it was not possible to confirm the assumption of social preference across situations

Metadata Schema x-econ Repository

Since May 2017, the x-hub project partners OVGU Magdeburg, University of Vienna, and GESIS dispose of a new repository, called x-econ (https://x-econ.org). The service is dedicated to all experimental economics research projects to disseminate user-friendly archiving and provision of experimental economics research data. The repository x-econ contains all necessary core functionalities of a modern repository and is in a continuous optimization process aiming at functionality enhancement and improvement. x-econ is also one pillar of the multidisciplinary repository x-science (https://x-science.org). The present documentation, which is primarily based on the GESIS Technical Reports on datorium 2014|03 and da|ra 4.0, lists and explains the metadata elements, used to describe research information

A human endogenous retrovirus encoded protease potentially cleaves numerous cellular proteins

Background: A considerable portion of the human genome derives from retroviruses inherited over millions of years. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are usually severely mutated, yet some coding-competent HERVs exist. The HERV-K(HML-2) group includes evolutionarily young proviruses that encode typical retroviral proteins. HERV-K(HML-2) has been implicated in various human diseases because transcription is often upregulated and some of its encoded proteins are known to affect cell biology. HERV-K(HML-2) Protease (Pro) has received little attention so far, although it is expressed in some disease contexts and other retroviral proteases are known to process cellular proteins. Results:We set out to identify human cellular proteins that are substrates of HERV-K(HML-2) Pro employing a modified Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS) procedure. Thousands of human proteins were identified by this assay as significantly processed by HERV-K(HML-2) Pro at both acidic and neutral pH. We confirmed cleavage of a majority of selected human proteins in vitro and in co-expression experiments in vivo. Sizes of processing products observed for some of the tested proteins coincided with product sizes predicted by TAILS. Processed proteins locate to various cellular compartments and participate in diverse, often disease-relevant cellular processes. A limited number of HERV-K(HML-2) reference and non-reference loci appears capable of encoding active Pro. Conclusions:Our findings from an approach combining TAILS with experimental verification of candidate proteins in vitro and in cultured cells suggest that hundreds of cellular proteins are potential substrates of HERV-K(HML-2) Pro. It is therefore conceivable that even low-level expression of HERV-K(HML-2) Pro affects levels of a diverse array of proteins and thus has a functional impact on cell biology and possible relevance for human diseases. Further studies are indicated to elucidate effects of HERV-K(HML-2) Pro expression regarding human substrate proteins, cell biology, and disease. The latter also calls for studies on expression of specific HERV-K(HML-2) loci capable of encoding active Pro. Endogenous retrovirus-encoded Pro activity may also be relevant for disease development in species other than human.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HOMFO

A systematic evaluation of semispecific peptide search parameter enables identification of previously undescribed N-terminal peptides and conserved proteolytic processing in cancer cell lines

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the most commonly used technique in explorative proteomic research. A variety of open-source tools for peptide-spectrum matching have become available. Most analyses of explorative MS data are performed using conventional settings, such as fully specific enzymatic constraints. Here we evaluated the impact of the fragment mass tolerance in combination with the enzymatic constraints on the performance of three search engines. Three open-source search engines (Myrimatch, X! Tandem, and MSGF+) were evaluated concerning the suitability in semi- and unspecific searches as well as the importance of accurate fragment mass spectra in non-specific peptide searches. We then performed a semispecific reanalysis of the published NCI-60 deep proteome data applying the most suited parameters. Semi- and unspecific LC-MS/MS data analyses particularly benefit from accurate fragment mass spectra while this effect is less pronounced for conventional, fully specific peptide-spectrum matching. Search speed differed notably between the three search engines for semi- and non-specific peptide-spectrum matching. Semispecific reanalysis of NCI-60 proteome data revealed hundreds of previously undescribed N-terminal peptides, including cases of proteolytic processing or likely alternative translation start sites, some of which were ubiquitously present in all cell lines of the reanalyzed panel. Highly accurate MS2 fragment data in combination with modern open-source search algorithms enable the confident identification of semispecific peptides from large proteomic datasets. The identification of previously undescribed N-terminal peptides in published studies highlights the potential of future reanalysis and data mining in proteomic datasets

A single glycan at the 99-loop of human kallikrein-related Peptidase 2 regulates activation and enzymatic activity

Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) is a key serine protease in semen liquefaction and prostate cancer together with KLK3/prostate-specific antigen. In order to decipher the function of its potential N-glycosylation site, we produced pro-KLK2 in Leishmania tarentolae cells and compared it with its non-glycosylated counterpart from Escherichia coli expression. Mass spectrometry revealed that Asn-95 carries a core glycan, consisting of two GlcNAc and three hexoses. Autocatalytic activation was retarded in glyco-pro-KLK2, whereas the activated glyco-form exhibited an increased proteolytic resistance. The specificity patterns obtained by the PICS (proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites) method are similar for both KLK2 variants, with a major preference for P1-Arg. However, glycosylation changes the enzymatic activity of KLK2 in a drastically substrate-dependent manner. Although glyco-KLK2 has a considerably lower catalytic efficiency than glycan-free KLK2 toward peptidic substrates with P2-Phe, the situation was reverted toward protein substrates, such as glyco-pro-KLK2 itself. These findings can be rationalized by the glycan-carrying 99-loop that prefers to cover the active site like a lid. By contrast, the non-glycosylated 99-loop seems to favor a wide open conformation, which mostly increases the apparent affinity for the substrates (i.e. by a reduction of Km). Also, the cleavage pattern and kinetics in autolytic inactivation of both KLK2 variants can be explained by a shift of the target sites due to the presence of the glycan. These striking effects of glycosylation pave the way to a deeper understanding of kallikrein-related peptidase biology and pathology.(VLID)239213

Structural determinants of specificity and regulation of activity in the allosteric loop network of human KLK8/neuropsin

Human KLK8/neuropsin, a kallikrein-related serine peptidase, is mostly expressed in skin and the hippocampus regions of the brain, where it regulates memory formation by synaptic remodeling. Substrate profiles of recombinant KLK8 were analyzed with positional scanning using fluorogenic tetrapeptides and the proteomic PICS approach, which revealed the prime side specificity. Enzyme kinetics with optimized substrates showed stimulation by Ca2+ and inhibition by Zn2+, which are physiological regulators. Crystal structures of KLK8 with a ligand-free active site and with the inhibitor leupeptin explain the subsite specificity and display Ca2+ bound to the 75-loop. The variants D70K and H99A confirmed the antagonistic role of the cation binding sites. Molecular docking and dynamics calculations provided insights in substrate binding and the dual regulation of activity by Ca2+ and Zn2+, which are important in neuron and skin physiology. Both cations participate in the allosteric surface loop network present in related serine proteases. A comparison of the positional scanning data with substrates from brain suggests an adaptive recognition by KLK8, based on the tertiary structures of its targets. These combined findings provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enzyme activity of KLK8.(VLID)276376

Characterization of various cell lines from different ampullary cancer subtypes and cancer associated fibroblast-mediated responses

Ampullary cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer and usually treated by pancreatoduodenectomy, followed by adjuvant therapy. The intestinal subtype is associated with markedly improved prognosis after resection. At present, only few cell lines are available for in vitro studies of ampullary cancer and they have not been collectively characterized