Mapping of Alternative Oilseeds from the Brazilian Caatinga and Assessment of Catalytic Pathways toward Biofuels Production

Biofuels are increasingly important renewable resources in the world's energy matrix that have challenged the scientific community as well as small and large farmers to develop alternatives to fossil fuels in order to achieve the aims of energy transition. In particular, Brazil's proven competitiveness in agribusiness together with its rich biodiversity put the country in a key position in the biofuels market. The semiarid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil, an exclusive biome rich in many oilseed species suitable for potential energy purposes, is of particular interest in this field. Nowadays, soybeans are the main feedstock used for the production of biodiesel, but, due to the increasing demand for biofuels, the search for alternative sources of oil from tropical flora with high productivity is crucial. Under this premise, this systematic review focuses on mapping Caatinga's vegetable oil crops that could be used as alternative raw materials for biofuels' production in Brazil, in addition to traditional soybeans and sugarcane. To gain more detailed insight into these matrices, their main properties, including oil content, fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties, are discussed. Moreover, an overview is provided of processes to synthesize different types of biofuels, particularly biodiesel and aviation biokerosene, including the routes employing homogeneous, enzymatic and mainly heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, future prospects and challenges for renewable biofuels and the Caatinga biome are addressed

Transition metal catalyzed element–element′ additions to alkynes

The efficient and stereoselective synthesis of, or precursors to, multi-substituted alkenes has attracted substantial interest due to their existence in various industrially and biologically important compounds. One of the most atom economical routes to such alkenes is the transition metal catalyzed hetero element–element′ π-insertion into alkynes. This article provides a thorough up-to-date review on this area of chemistry, including discussions on the mechanism, range of Esingle bondE′ bonds accessible and the stoichiometric/catalytic transition metal mediators employed

Participação popular junto ao poder legislativo do município de Juiz de Fora (MG): a necessidade de reinvenção de um sistema.

This dissertation aims to identify the factors associated with the predisposition to popular participation in the municipal legislature of Juiz de Fora. The City Council of Juiz de Fora, legislative power of the city located in the Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais, presents difficulties in the social mobilization of its representatives and, consequently, in the maintenance of its programs of popular participation. The first phase of the research, focused on understanding the structure of the legislative house and the existing tools, allowed the identification of the critical elements: low capacity for mobilization, difficulty of access to the instruments of participation by the population, inadequate or decontextualized structuring of the instruments and inability to produce and store data usable in the elaboration of public policies. In order to fulfill the objective of the dissertation, a theoretical review and an empirical study were performed. Although democracy is a historical construction structured by multiple and specific parameters of each society, the possibility of popular participation is fundamental to its concept, legitimizing governments, public policies and the State itself. The 21st century citizen's way of life requires and allows for new participatory tools that effect and stimulate their interest and, consequently, their participation, with the Electronic Government being an experiment under construction to be considered. Through the analysis of the data, three factors associated with the construct predisposition to popular participation with the municipal legislature of Juiz de Fora (MG) were obtained: Political Engagement, Satisfaction with the Municipality of Juiz de Fora and Trust in the System. By the analysis of conglomerates, the respondents were divided into 2 groups (clusters) equally (un) satisfied with the City Council of Juiz de Fora, but divergent in terms of political engagement and confidence in the system. Based on the theoretical framework and the results of the survey, an Action Plan is presented with proposals for improvements through the implementation of egovernment tools, that is, through the use of information and communication technology (ICTs).Esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar os fatores associados à predisposição à participação popular junto ao legislativo municipal de Juiz de Fora. A Câmara Municipal de Juiz de Fora, poder legislativo da cidade situada na Zona da Mata mineira, apresenta dificuldades de mobilização social de seus representados e, consequentemente, na manutenção de seus programas de participação popular. A primeira fase da pesquisa, focada na compreensão da estruturação da casa legislativa e das ferramentas existentes, permitiu identificar os elementos críticos: baixa capacidade de mobilização, dificuldade de acesso aos instrumentos de participação pela população, estruturação inadequada ou descontextualizada dos instrumentos e incapacidade de produzir e armazenar dados utilizáveis na elaboração de políticas públicas. Para cumprir o objetivo da dissertação, foi realizada uma revisão teórica e um estudo empírico. Embora a democracia seja uma construção histórica estruturada por parâmetros múltiplos e específicos de cada sociedade, a possibilidade de participação popular é basilar em seu conceito, legitimando governos, políticas públicas e o próprio Estado. O modo de vida do cidadão do século XXI exige e permite novas ferramentas participativas que efetivem e estimulem seu interesse e, consequentemente, sua participação, sendo o Governo Eletrônico um experimento em construção a ser considerado. Através da análise dos dados foram obtidos três fatores associados ao constructo predisposição à participação popular junto ao legislativo municipal de Juiz de Fora (MG): Engajamento Político, Satisfação com a Câmara Municipal de Juiz de Fora e Confiança no Sistema. Pela análise de conglomerados, os respondentes foram divididos em 2 grupos (clusters) igualmente (in)satisfeito com a Câmara Municipal de Juiz de Fora, porém divergentes quanto ao engajamento político e a confiança no sistema. Com base no referencial teórico e nos resultados da pesquisa, é apresentado um Plano de Ação com propostas de melhorias por meio da implantação ferramentas de governo eletrônico (e-gov), ou seja, da utilização de tecnologia de informação e comunicação (TICs)

Determina??o do coeficiente de transfer?ncia de calor em um a?o ABNT/SAE 1045 atrav?s do Ensaio Jominy

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:58:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 438728.pdf: 2369501 bytes, checksum: 5a95c750cd0b1991376d6d6391c90d40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13This work presents a numerical-experimental correlation of the factors that may influence the hardenability of SAE 1045 steel subjected to the Jominy end quench test at austenitizing temperature of 850 ?C. This correlation was made by calculating the heat transfer coefficient and its phase‟s presents during the cooling of the specimen. These calculations were obtained based on thermal analysis of the test, through the cooling rates. A thermocouple was installed near from the edge of the specimen to obtain the cooling temperature curves. Based on these informations were estimated uncertainties of measurement temperature ? 23 ?C for an evaluation of the reproducibility of the process, even an error of ? 10.3 ?C. During the Jominy test, should be considered parameters such as hydraulic pressure suitable austenitizing temperature with a tolerance of ? 6 ?C, temperature and water flow. These parameters change the phase heat transfer, and also the flux density and therefore the heat transfer coefficient of heat. It was determined the variation of the heat transfer coefficient versus time h=f(t), and the average value is close to theorycal value, which is approximately 15.3 kW/m2.KO trabalho aborda uma correla??o num?rico-experimental dos fatores que podem influenciar a temperabilidade de um a?o SAE 1045 submetido ao Ensaio Jominy em uma temperatura de austenitiza??o de 850?C. Tal correla??o foi feita a partir do c?lculo do coeficiente de transfer?ncia de calor e os modos presentes durante o resfriamento do corpo de prova. Estes c?lculos foram obtidos com base na an?lise t?rmica do ensaio, atrav?s das taxas de resfriamento. Para isso, um termopar foi instalado em uma dist?ncia pr?xima da extremidade do corpo de prova a fim de obter as curvas de resfriamento. Com base nestes dados foi calculada a incerteza de medi??o de temperatura de ? 23 ?C, para uma avalia??o da repetibilidade do processo, chegando ao erro de ? 10,3 ?C. Devem ser levados em considera??o durante o ensaio Jominy par?metros significativos como: press?o hidr?ulica adequada, temperatura de austenitiza??o com toler?ncia de at? ? 6?C, temperatura e vaz?o da ?gua. Estes par?metros alteram as condi??es de transfer?ncia de calor, e tamb?m a densidade de fluxo de calor e por conseq??ncia o coeficiente de transfer?ncia de calor. Foi determinada a varia??o do coeficiente de transfer?ncia de calor em rela??o ao tempo h = f(t), e seu valor m?dio est? de acordo com o valor informado na teoria, que ? de aproximadamente 15,3 kW/m?

Disfagia orofaríngea na Síndrome de Wallenberg - série de casos

RESUMO: Objetivo: caracterizar o quadro de comprometimento da função da deglutição em pacientes com Síndrome de Wallenberg. Métodos: série de casos de sete pacientes, com diagnóstico dessa síndrome, encaminhados para avaliação fonoaudiológica. Para avaliação do grau de disfagia utilizou-se a escala Gugging Swallowing Screen e para avaliar o nível de ingestão oral utilizou-se a Functional Oral Intake Scale. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 60,57 anos; todos os sujeitos apresentaram alteração na função da deglutição de grau grave (71,42%) a moderado (28,58%); 85,71% necessitaram de Via Alternativa de Alimentação, sendo que, 71,43% eram alimentados exclusivamente por sonda nasoentérica; todos necessitaram de acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Conclusão: este estudo concluiu que a disfagia orofaríngea na Síndrome de Wallenberg apresenta-se como um distúrbio de grau grave a moderado, sendo necessária a utilização de Via Alternativa de Alimentação na maioria dos casos

Respiratory muscle training outcomes on swallowing biomechanics and respiratory function measures in normal subjects

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the outcomes of respiratory muscle training (RMT) with flow-oriented incentive spirometer on respiratory function measurements and their relationship with the swallowing biomechanics variables. Methods: 29 subjects underwent training for seven consecutive days (three sets of ten repetitions for inspiration and expiration). The swallowing biomechanics was assessed by video fluoroscopy, using as temporal variable the pharyngeal transit time and as visuoperceptual variables the number of swallows, residues in pyriform sinuses and valleculae, and penetration/aspiration. Respiratory function measurements were assessed by maximal respiratory pressures and spirometry. Results: RMT influenced pharyngeal transit time (p=0.002) and maximal inspiratory pressure correlated with the number of swallows after RMT (ρ=0.62, p=0.01). There was a significant increase in the maximum respiratory pressures post RMT (p<0.0001). Conclusion: RMT increased maximal respiratory pressures and influenced the reduction of pharyngeal transit time. Besides that, there was a relation between the maximum inspiratory pressure and the number of post-training swallows

Mapping of Alternative Oilseeds from the Brazilian Caatinga and Assessment of Catalytic Pathways toward Biofuels Production

Biofuels are increasingly important renewable resources in the world&rsquo;s energy matrix that have challenged the scientific community as well as small and large farmers to develop alternatives to fossil fuels in order to achieve the aims of energy transition. In particular, Brazil&rsquo;s proven competitiveness in agribusiness together with its rich biodiversity put the country in a key position in the biofuels market. The semiarid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil, an exclusive biome rich in many oilseed species suitable for potential energy purposes, is of particular interest in this field. Nowadays, soybeans are the main feedstock used for the production of biodiesel, but, due to the increasing demand for biofuels, the search for alternative sources of oil from tropical flora with high productivity is crucial. Under this premise, this systematic review focuses on mapping Caatinga&rsquo;s vegetable oil crops that could be used as alternative raw materials for biofuels&rsquo; production in Brazil, in addition to traditional soybeans and sugarcane. To gain more detailed insight into these matrices, their main properties, including oil content, fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties, are discussed. Moreover, an overview is provided of processes to synthesize different types of biofuels, particularly biodiesel and aviation biokerosene, including the routes employing homogeneous, enzymatic and mainly heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, future prospects and challenges for renewable biofuels and the Caatinga biome are addressed

Correlation between the reason for referral, clinical, and objective assessment of the risk for dysphagia

PURPOSE: To correlate the reason for referral to speech therapy service at a university hospital with the results of clinical and objective assessment of risk for dysphagia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective analytical and quantitative study. The data were gathered from the database, and the information used was the reason for referral to speech therapy service, results of clinical assessment of the risk for dysphagia, and also from swallowing videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: There was a mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral, results of the clinical and objective swallowing assessments, and scale of penetration/aspiration, although the values were not statistically significant. Statistically significant correlation was observed between clinical and objective assessments and the penetration scale, with the largest occurring between the results of objective assessment and penetration scale. CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between clinical and objective assessments of swallowing and mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral with their respective assessment. This shows the importance of the association between the data of patient's history and results of clinical evaluation and complementary tests, such as videofluoroscopy, for correct identification of the swallowing disorders, being important to combine the use of severity scales of penetration/aspiration for diagnosis