Investigating Sex Differences in Emotion Recognition, Learning, and Regulation among Youths with Conduct Disorder

Objective: Conduct disorder (CD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder marked by notably higher prevalence rates for boys than girls. Converging evidence suggests that CD is associated with impairments in emotion recognition, learning, and regulation. However, it is not known whether there are sex differences in the relationship between CD and emotion dysfunction. Prior studies on emotion functioning in CD have so far been underpowered for investigating sex differences. Therefore, our primary aim was to characterize emotion processing skills in a large sample of girls and boys with CD compared to typically developing controls (TDCs) using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Method: We included 542 youths with CD (317 girls) and 710 TDCs (479 girls), 9 to 18 years of age, from a European multisite study (FemNAT-CD). Participants completed three experimental tasks assessing emotion recognition, learning, and regulation, respectively. Data were analyzed to test for effects of group and sex, and group-by-sex interactions, while controlling for potentially confounding factors. Results: Relative to TDCs, youths with CD showed impaired emotion recognition (that was related to more physical and proactive aggression, and higher CU traits), emotional learning (specifically from punishment), and emotion regulation. Boys and girls with CD, however, displayed similar impairments in emotion processing. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence for a relationship between CD and deficient neurocognitive functioning across three emotional domains that have previously been linked to CD etiology. However, there was no support for sex-specific profiles of emotion dysfunction, suggesting that current neurocognitive models of CD apply equally to both sexes.</p

Community Violence Exposure and Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and Healthy Controls

Exposure to community violence through witnessing or being directly victimized has been associated with conduct problems in a range of studies. However, the relationship between community violence exposure (CVE) and conduct problems has never been studied separately in healthy individuals and individuals with conduct disorder (CD). Therefore, it is not clear whether the association between CVE and conduct problems is due to confounding factors, because those with high conduct problems also tend to live in more violent neighborhoods, i.e., an ecological fallacy. Hence, the aim of the present study was: (1) to investigate whether the association between recent CVE and current conduct problems holds true for healthy controls as well as adolescents with a diagnosis of CD; (2) to examine whether the association is stable in both groups when including effects of aggression subtypes (proactive/reactive aggression), age, gender, site and socioeconomic status (SES); and (3) to test whether proactive or reactive aggression mediate the link between CVE and conduct problems. Data from 1178 children and adolescents (62% female; 44% CD) aged between 9 years and 18 years from seven European countries were analyzed. Conduct problems were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia diagnostic interview. Information about CVE and aggression subtypes was obtained using self-report questionnaires (Social and Health Assessment and Reactive-Proactive aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), respectively). The association between witnessing community violence and conduct problems was significant in both groups (adolescents with CD and healthy controls). The association was also stable after examining the mediating effects of aggression subtypes while including moderating effects of age, gender and SES and controlling for effects of site in both groups. There were no clear differences between the groups in the strength of the association between witnessing violence and conduct problems. However, we found evidence for a ceiling effect, i.e., individuals with very high levels of conduct problems could not show a further increase if exposed to CVE and vice versa. Results indicate that there was no evidence for an ecological fallacy being the primary cause of the association, i.e., CVE must be considered a valid risk factor in the etiology of CD

Community Violence Exposure and Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and Healthy Controls

Exposure to community violence through witnessing or being directly victimized has been associated with conduct problems in a range of studies. However, the relationship between community violence exposure (CVE) and conduct problems has never been studied separately in healthy individuals and individuals with conduct disorder (CD). Therefore, it is not clear whether the association between CVE and conduct problems is due to confounding factors, because those with high conduct problems also tend to live in more violent neighborhoods, i.e., an ecological fallacy. Hence, the aim of the present study was: (1) to investigate whether the association between recent CVE and current conduct problems holds true for healthy controls as well as adolescents with a diagnosis of CD; (2) to examine whether the association is stable in both groups when including effects of aggression subtypes (proactive/reactive aggression), age, gender, site and socioeconomic status (SES); and (3) to test whether proactive or reactive aggression mediate the link between CVE and conduct problems. Data from 1178 children and adolescents (62% female; 44% CD) aged between 9 years and 18 years from seven European countries were analyzed. Conduct problems were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia diagnostic interview. Information about CVE and aggression subtypes was obtained using self-report questionnaires (Social and Health Assessment and Reactive-Proactive aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), respectively). The association between witnessing community violence and conduct problems was significant in both groups (adolescents with CD and healthy controls). The association was also stable after examining the mediating effects of aggression subtypes while including moderating effects of age, gender and SES and controlling for effects of site in both groups. There were no clear differences between the groups in the strength of the association between witnessing violence and conduct problems. However, we found evidence for a ceiling effect, i.e., individuals with very high levels of conduct problems could not show a further increase if exposed to CVE and vice versa. Results indicate that there was no evidence for an ecological fallacy being the primary cause of the association, i.e., CVE must be considered a valid risk factor in the etiology of CD

Entrenamiento cognitivo en memoria de trabajo para niños con TDAH: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objetivos: En el TDAH existen déficits en las Funciones Ejecutivas (FFEE) y en especial en la Memoria de trabajo (MT), que repercuten negativamente en el rendimiento académico, los síntomas clínicos, y la adaptación funcional. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la eficacia de un entrenamiento computarizado en MT sobre otras FFEE frías y calientes, aprendizajes, síntomas clínicos y adaptación funcional. Método: Se incluyeron 66 niños con TDAH tipo combinado entre 7 y 12 años de edad de una Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil y Adolescente en este ensayo clínico controlado con placebo, a doble ciego y con asignación aleatoria a realizar un entrenamiento computarizado en MT (RoboMemo®, Cogmed Working Memory Training™) (n=36) o un entrenamiento placebo (n=30). Se realizaron evaluaciones en la línea base, entre 1-2 semanas post intervención y 6 meses post intervención administrando escalas y pruebas cognitivas de FFEE frías y calientes, y cuestionarios de síntomas clínicos y de adaptación funcional. Los participantes, sus familias, profesores y los profesionales que realizaron las evaluaciones cognitivas fueron ciegos. También se realizaron correlaciones entre MT y FFEE calientes en la línea base para clarificar la naturaleza de la relación entre ambos aspectos. Resultados: El análisis ajustado a través de regresión lineal múltiple reveló mejoras significativas en escalas de FFEE frías especialmente a largo plazo, en medidas cognitivas de FFEE frías inhibición de respuesta y atención sostenida a corto plazo (que se mantuvieron a largo plazo), y en síntomas TDAH y adaptación funcional en el entorno escolar a largo plazo. Los tamaños del efecto fueron en su mayoría de moderados a grandes. Se hallaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre MT y Teoría de la mente (ToM) en la línea base, pero no entre MT y toma de decisiones. El análisis ajustado a través de regresión lineal múltiple no mostró mejoras estadísticamente significativas en FFEE calientes ToM y toma de decisiones en ningún momento temporal. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento en MT tuvo un impacto significativo sobre déficits relevantes en el TDAH al producir mejoras far-transfer a largo plazo sobre FFEE frías, síntomas clínicos, y adaptación funcional. No existe relación entre MT y toma de decisiones en el TDAH. Existe relación entre MT y ToM, pero el entrenamiento en MT no produjo mejoras far-transfer sobre los déficits de ToM en el TDAH.Objective: ADHD affects working memory (WM) and other executive functions (EF) which negatively impact school performance, clinical symptoms, and functional impairment. The aims of the present study were to analyse the efficacy of a computerised WM training on other cool and hot EF, learning, clinical symptoms, and functional impairment. Method: 66 children with combined-type ADHD between 7-12 years of age from a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. The participants were randomized (1:1) to an experimental group (RoboMemo®, Cogmed Working Memory Training™) (n=36) or a control group (placebo training). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), 1-2 weeks (T1), and 6 months post-intervention (T2) with the administration of EF rating scales, performance-based measures of cool and hot EF, measures of academic achievement, and questionnaires regarding clinical symptoms and functional impairment. The participants, their parents, their teachers and professionals who performed the cognitive assessments were blinded. Correlational analysis between WM and hot EFs at baseline were also performed to better clarify the nature of this interrelation. Results: Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis showed significant improvements in cool EF scales, especially at long-term, in performance-based measurements of cool EFs response inhibition and sustained attention at short-term (that persisted at long-term), and in ADHD symptoms and functional impairment in school environment at long-term. Effect sizes were mostly moderate to large. Statistically significant correlations were found between WM and Theory of mind (ToM) measures at baseline, but not between WM and decision-making. Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis showed not significant improvements in hot EFs decision-making or ToM at any point time. Conclusions: WM training had a significant impact on ADHD deficits achieving long-term far-transfer effects on cool EFs, ADHD symptoms, and functional impairment. There was no relationship between WM and decision-making in ADHD. A relationship was found between WM and ToM, but CWMT did not show far-transfer effects on ToM deficits in ADHD

Entrenamiento cognitivo en memoria de trabajo para niños con TDAH: ensayo clínico aleatorizado /

Premi Extraordinari de Doctorat concedit pels programes de doctorat de la UAB per curs acadèmic 2016-2017Objetivos: En el TDAH existen déficits en las Funciones Ejecutivas (FFEE) y en especial en la Memoria de trabajo (MT), que repercuten negativamente en el rendimiento académico, los síntomas clínicos, y la adaptación funcional. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la eficacia de un entrenamiento computarizado en MT sobre otras FFEE frías y calientes, aprendizajes, síntomas clínicos y adaptación funcional. Método: Se incluyeron 66 niños con TDAH tipo combinado entre 7 y 12 años de edad de una Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil y Adolescente en este ensayo clínico controlado con placebo, a doble ciego y con asignación aleatoria a realizar un entrenamiento computarizado en MT (RoboMemo®, Cogmed Working Memory Training™) (n=36) o un entrenamiento placebo (n=30). Se realizaron evaluaciones en la línea base, entre 1-2 semanas post intervención y 6 meses post intervención administrando escalas y pruebas cognitivas de FFEE frías y calientes, y cuestionarios de síntomas clínicos y de adaptación funcional. Los participantes, sus familias, profesores y los profesionales que realizaron las evaluaciones cognitivas fueron ciegos. También se realizaron correlaciones entre MT y FFEE calientes en la línea base para clarificar la naturaleza de la relación entre ambos aspectos. Resultados: El análisis ajustado a través de regresión lineal múltiple reveló mejoras significativas en escalas de FFEE frías especialmente a largo plazo, en medidas cognitivas de FFEE frías inhibición de respuesta y atención sostenida a corto plazo (que se mantuvieron a largo plazo), y en síntomas TDAH y adaptación funcional en el entorno escolar a largo plazo. Los tamaños del efecto fueron en su mayoría de moderados a grandes. Se hallaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre MT y Teoría de la mente (ToM) en la línea base, pero no entre MT y toma de decisiones. El análisis ajustado a través de regresión lineal múltiple no mostró mejoras estadísticamente significativas en FFEE calientes ToM y toma de decisiones en ningún momento temporal. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento en MT tuvo un impacto significativo sobre déficits relevantes en el TDAH al producir mejoras far-transfer a largo plazo sobre FFEE frías, síntomas clínicos, y adaptación funcional. No existe relación entre MT y toma de decisiones en el TDAH. Existe relación entre MT y ToM, pero el entrenamiento en MT no produjo mejoras far-transfer sobre los déficits de ToM en el TDAH.Objective: ADHD affects working memory (WM) and other executive functions (EF) which negatively impact school performance, clinical symptoms, and functional impairment. The aims of the present study were to analyse the efficacy of a computerised WM training on other cool and hot EF, learning, clinical symptoms, and functional impairment. Method: 66 children with combined-type ADHD between 7-12 years of age from a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. The participants were randomized (1:1) to an experimental group (RoboMemo®, Cogmed Working Memory Training™) (n=36) or a control group (placebo training). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), 1-2 weeks (T1), and 6 months post-intervention (T2) with the administration of EF rating scales, performance-based measures of cool and hot EF, measures of academic achievement, and questionnaires regarding clinical symptoms and functional impairment. The participants, their parents, their teachers and professionals who performed the cognitive assessments were blinded. Correlational analysis between WM and hot EFs at baseline were also performed to better clarify the nature of this interrelation. Results: Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis showed significant improvements in cool EF scales, especially at long-term, in performance-based measurements of cool EFs response inhibition and sustained attention at short-term (that persisted at long-term), and in ADHD symptoms and functional impairment in school environment at long-term. Effect sizes were mostly moderate to large. Statistically significant correlations were found between WM and Theory of mind (ToM) measures at baseline, but not between WM and decision-making. Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis showed not significant improvements in hot EFs decision-making or ToM at any point time. Conclusions: WM training had a significant impact on ADHD deficits achieving long-term far-transfer effects on cool EFs, ADHD symptoms, and functional impairment. There was no relationship between WM and decision-making in ADHD. A relationship was found between WM and ToM, but CWMT did not show far-transfer effects on ToM deficits in ADHD