Stop Thinking! I Can't! Do Attentional Mechanisms Underlie Primary Dysfunctional Breathing?

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazi

Agency in embodied music interaction

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Routledge via the DOI in this recor

Cerebral effects of music during isometric exercise: An fMRI study.

© 2018 The Authors. A block-design experiment was conducted using fMRI to examine the brain regions that activate during the execution of an isometric handgrip exercise performed at light-to- moderate-intensity in the presence of music. Nineteen healthy adults (7 women and 12 men; Mage = 24.2, SD = 4.9 years) were exposed to an experimental condition (music [MU]) and a no-music control condition (CO) in a randomized order within a single session. Each condition lasted for 10 min and participants were required to execute 30 exercise trials (i.e., 1 trial = 10 s exercise + 10 s rest). Attention allocation, exertional responses, and affective changes were assessed immediately after each condition. The BOLD response was compared between conditions to identify the combined effects of music and exercise on neural activity. The findings indicate that music reallocated attention toward task-unrelated thoughts (d = .52) and upregulated affective arousal (d = .72) to a greater degree when compared to a no- music condition. The activity of the left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG) also increased when participants executed the motor task in the presence of music (F = 24.65), and a significant negative correlation was identified between lIFG activity and perceived exertion for MU (limb discomfort: r = -.54; overall exertion: r = -.62). The authors hypothesize that the lIFG activates in response to motor tasks that are executed in the presence of environmental sensory stimuli. Activation of this region might also moderate processing of interoceptive signals – a neurophysiological mechanism responsible for reducing exercise consciousness and ameliorating fatigue-related symptoms.Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (99999.010090/2013-04) (CAPES), Brazil

Psychological and Psychophysiological Effects of Recuperative Music Postexercise

Purpose: Few studies have examined the psychological and psychophysiological effects of recuperative music after exhaustive exercise. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two music conditions compared with a no-music control on psychological and psychophysiological recovery processes after exercise. Methods: A randomized, fully counterbalanced, crossover design was used. Core affect, salivary cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured before exhaustive exercise, immediately after, and in 10-, 20-, and 30-min intervals during passive recovery (21 women and 21 men; 20.9 T 1.7 yr) over three separate trials (slow, sedative music; fast, stimulative music; no-music control). The exercise task entailed incremental cycle ergometry performed at 75 rpm with an increase in intensity of 22.5 WIminj1 at the end of each minute until exhaustion. Data were analyzed using mixed-model 3 (condition) 4 (time) 2 (gender) MANOVA/ANCOVA. Results: The largest decline in affective arousal between active and passive recovery phases was evident in the slow, sedative condition (Gp 2 = 0.50). Women had a more pronounced reduction in arousal than did men in the slow, sedative music condition. Heart rate measures showed that fast, stimulative music inhibited the return of heart rate toward resting levels (Gp 2 = 0.06). Similarly, salivary cortisol levels tended to be lower in response to slow, sedative music (Gp 2 = 0.11). There was a main effect of condition for affective valence indicating that the slow, sedative condition elicited more positive affective responses compared with the control and fast, stimulative conditions (Gp 2 = 0.12). Conclusions: The present findings support the notion that slow, sedative music can expedite the recovery process immediately after strenuous exercise. Key Words: AFFECT, CORTISOL, ENTRAINMENT, RECOVERY, PSYCHOBIOLOGY, SEDATIO

Brain mechanisms that underlie the effects of motivational audiovisual stimuli on psychophysiological responses during exercise

Motivational audiovisual stimuli such as music and video have been widely used in the realm of exercise and sport as a means by which to increase situational motivation and enhance performance. The present study addressed the mechanisms that underlie the effects of motivational stimuli on psychophysiological responses and exercise performance. Twenty-two participants completed fatiguing isometric handgrip-squeezing tasks under two experimental conditions (motivational audiovisual condition and neutral audiovisual condition) and a control condition. Electrical activity in the brain and working muscles was analyzed by use of electroencephalography and electromyography, respectively. Participants were asked to squeeze the dynamometer maximally for 30 s. A single-item motivation scale was administered after each squeeze. Results indicated that task performance and situational motivational were superior under the influence of motivational stimuli when compared to the other two conditions (~20% and ~25%, respectively). The motivational stimulus downregulated the predominance of low-frequency waves (theta) in the right frontal regions of the cortex (F8), and upregulated high-frequency waves (beta) in the central areas (C3 and C4). It is suggested that motivational sensory cues serve to readjust electrical activity in the brain; a mechanism by which the detrimental effects of fatigue on the efferent control of working muscles is ameliorated.This research was supported, in part, by grants from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Effects of auditory-motor synchronization on 400-m sprint performance: An applied study

There is a conspicuous dearth of empirical research regarding the ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music when applied in a sports training context. The main purpose of this longitudinal intervention study was to investigate the ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music applied over a one-month period of speed endurance training. Twelve participants (six women and six men; 21.1 ± 1.7 years) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (sprint training coordinated with synchronous music) or a control group (conventional sprint training). Immediately after each training session and each time trial, the Feeling Scale, CR-10 Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale, and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale were administered to each participant. No significant interaction effect of Group × Time for Rating of Perceived Exertion ( p = .898) or Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale ( p = .411) was identified during the training sessions. A significant Group × Time interaction was identified for Feeling Scale scores ( p = .007). Nonetheless, following Bonferroni adjustment for pairwise comparisons, the between-group differences in Feeling Scale scores did not reach significance. No significant interaction effect of Group × Time or main effect of group was identified for sprint performance, although the latter effect was associated with a large effect size (ηp2 = 0.35). Experimental group participants executed the 400-m time trials 5.07% faster than control group participants. This finding is noteworthy from an applied perspective, given the potential ergogenic effects associated with auditory-motor synchronization. </jats:p

Cerebral mechanisms underlying music use during exhaustive exercise

The brain mechanisms by which music-related interventions ameliorate fatigue-related symptoms and enhance exercise performance during the execution of fatiguing motor tasks are hitherto under-researched. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of music on electrical activity in the brain and psychophysiological responses during the execution of a fatiguing isometric ankle-dorsiflexion task that was performed to the point of volitional exhaustion. Nineteen healthy participants (10 men and 9 women; Mage = 26.4 years, SD = 3.6 years) performed two fatigue tests at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction while administered a musical excerpt or a no-music control condition. The well-known track Eye Of The Tiger by Survivor (109 bpm) was used as a distractive auditory stimulus. Electrical activity in the brain was assessed by use of a 64-channel EEG. Fast Fourier Transform was used to decompose the 1 s asynchronous samples into three wave frequencies (theta [3–8 Hz], alpha [8–12.5 Hz], and beta [12.5–35 Hz] bands); these were selected to facilitate investigation of how a musical excerpt might influence performance of a motor task. Attentional focus was assessed every 30 s during the motor task. Limb discomfort, situational motivation, affective valence, and felt arousal were assessed prior to and immediately after the motor task. The results indicated that, during the task, music down-regulated theta waves in the frontal, central, and parietal regions of the brain. Music also elicited a partial attentional switching from internal, task-related cues to external task-unrelated cues during exercise, which was associated with improvements in task performance. Moreover, participants experienced more positive affect while performing the isometric task in the music condition. In conclusion, music elicited a change in the predominance of low-frequency waves throughout the cortex and suppressed exercise-related afferent cues (e.g., limb discomfort) in such a way that they remained outside of focal awareness over a broader range of exercise intensity

Influence Of Music And Its Moments Of Application On Performance And Psychophysiological Parameters During A 5km Time Trial

Objective. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of music introduced in different moments in a 5-km time-trial cycling (TT5KM) on psychophysical variables. Methods. Ten trained cyclists participated in this study (24 ± 1 years; 73.5 ± 10.4 kg; 180 ± 12 cm). The participants performed the TT5KM in three distinct conditions: music during warm-up (MW), music during the protocol (MP) and control (C). During all conditions the time (T), power output (W), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated and the mood state was assessed with the BRUMS questionnaire. After descriptive statistics, data normality was confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk's test. Mean performance, performance at each 500m, RPE at each 1000m and mood state were compared with ANOVA two way for repeated measures (moment x condition). The significance level was set at p<0.05. A parallel statistic was used to find the smallest worthwhile change of all variables to verify the possibility of the effect to be trivial, beneficial or prejudicial. Results. None of the variables showed any difference between groups (p>0.05), but there is a possibility of RPE to be smaller when the subject listen music during (90%) or before (93%) the test compared with control condition. Conclusion. 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