Hémoparasites Chez Les Ruminants Domestiques Dans Les Départements De Korhogo Et Sinématiali En Côte d’Ivoire

L’étude réalisée de janvier à décembre 2019 dans le Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire a pour but de déterminer la prévalence des hémoparasites chez les bovins et ovins d’élevage. Des frottis sanguins ont été réalisés à partir du sang périphérique de l’oreille de 68 bovins et 64 ovins provenant des localités de Korhogo, Nafoun, Nagougaha, Mongaha et Lokoli. Les résultats obtenus de l’étude proviennent du registre de laboratoire collectés sur l’année 2019. L’observation microscopique des frottis sanguins a permis d’identifier trois genres d’hémoparasites : Anaplasma, Babesia et Theileria. Theileria est absent chez les ovins. Concernant l’espèce d’hémoparasite, les ovins (71,88%) et les bovins (70,59%) sont plus infectés par Anaplasma marginale avec une différence significative (p-value = 0,0001). Par ailleurs, les bovins de plus d’un an sont plus infectés par Anaplasma marginale. La prévalence d’infection est de 32,35% pour ceux d’un an à 3ans et 29,41% pour ceux de plus de 3ans d’âge. Les femelles (54,41%) sont les plus infectées. Les ovins de plus de 3 mois d’âge sont plus infectés. En outre, les femelles (45,31%) sont les plus infectées avec une différence significative (p-value = 0,0261) pour Anaplasma marginale. Les bovins de la localité de Korhogo sont plus infectés par Anaplasma marginale (36,76%) suivis des bovins de Nagougaha (20,59%) avec une différence significative (p-value = 0,0077). Par ailleurs, Anaplasma centrale (18,75%) infecte plus les ovins de la localité de Lokoli suivi de Korhogo (4,69%) avec une différence significative (p-value = 0,00037). The study carried out from January to December 2019 in the North of Côte d'Ivoire aims to determine the prevalence of hemoparasites in cattle and sheep breeding. Blood smears were taken from the peripheral ears of 68 cattle and 64 sheep from the localities of Korhogo, Nafoun, Nagougaha, Mongaha and Lokoli. The results obtained from the study come from the laboratory register collected in 2019. Microscopic examination of blood smears has identified three types of hemoparasites: Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria. Theileria is absent in sheep. At the level of hemoparasite species, sheep (71.88%) and cattle (70.59%) are more infected by Anaplasma marginale with a significant difference (p-value = 0.0001). In addition, cattle over one year are more infected with Anaplasma marginale. The prevalence of infection is 32.35% for one year to 3 years and 29.41% for over 3 years of age. Females (54.41%) are the most infected. Sheep over 3 months of age are more infected. Females (45.31%) are the most infected with a significant difference (p-value = 0.0261) for Anaplasma marginale. Cattle of Korhogo are more infected with Anaplasma marginale (36.76%) followed by Nagougaha (20.59%) with a significant difference (p-value = 0.0077). In addition, Anaplasma centrale (18.75%) more infects sheep in the locality of Lokoli followed by Korhogo (4.69%) with a significant difference (p-value = 0.00037)

Transmission des trypanosomoses animales africaines (TAA) et prévalence trypanosomienne dans les cheptels en zone soudanaise de Côte d’Ivoire

La situation entomologique et parasitologique des Trypanosomoses Animales Africaines (TAA) a été évaluée en zone soudanaise de Côte d’Ivoire, suite à l’arrêt des activités de lutte dû à la guerre survenue en 2002 dans le pays. L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du projet d’urgence initié par la FAO pour relancer cette lutte. Les travaux ont été réalisés dans des localités issues des régions de la zone des savanes (Korhogo, Ferkessédougou). Pour étudier la transmission, les paramètres entomologiques déterminés (densité, âges physiologiques, infection), proviennent de l’échantillonnage de glossines à l’aide du piège Vavoua. Concernant l’étude parasitologique, la prévalence trypanosomienne a été évaluée à partir de données issues des prélèvements sur des animaux dont les traitements trypanocides datent d’au moins trois mois. Les trypanosomes pathogènes ont été mis en évidence sur frottis sanguins et caractérisés par PCR. En zone soudanaise de Côte d’Ivoire, la transmission des TAA est permanente à cause de la présence notable des populations de Glossina palpalis gambiensis et des trois principaux agents pathogènes (Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma brucei) qui y circulent. Ainsi, les prévalences trypanosomiennes demeurent notables malgré les activités de lutte (antivectorielle, traitements trypanocides) menées dans les cheptels. Mots clés: TAA, Transmission, Prévalence, Zone soudanaise, Côte d’Ivoir

Trypanosomiasis prevalence in the cotton basin in the Sudanese zone of Côte d'Ivoire

La prévalence trypanosomienne a été évaluée dans les cheptels du bassin cotonnier en zone soudanaise de Côte d’Ivoire. Les prélèvements de sang ont été effectués du 22 avril au 21 mai 2016, sur 582 bovins dont 374 mâles et 195 femelles, appartenant aux phénotypes Méré, Zébu et Ndama. Les espèces de trypanosomes ont été d’abord identifiées sur le terrain à partir de frottis sanguins, puis caractérisées au laboratoire au moyen de la PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Les trois espèces diagnostiquées sont, dans l’ordre décroissant de leur taux de prévalence, Trypanosoma congolense groupe savane, Trypanosoma vivax et Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Le plus grand nombre de bovins infectés provient de Korhogo, suivi de M’Bengué, puis de Ferkessédougou. Le taux d’infection est plus faible et du même ordre à Katiola, Koumbala, Diawara et Niellé. Les Méré sont les plus infectés par rapport aux Zébu et aux Ndama. Ces derniers sont les plus faiblement infectés. Chez les Ndama, la trypanotolérance apparaît encore plus efficiente chez les animaux de moins de 8 ans. Les Méré montrent une forte parasitémie due à Trypanosoma congolense ou à Trypanosoma vivax, sans toutefois faire la maladie. Mots clés : TAA, Prévalence, Zone soudanaise, Côte d’IvoireTrypanosomiais prevalence was evaluated in the flocks of the cotton basin in the Sudanese zone of Côte d'Ivoire. The blood samples were taken from April 22 to May 21, 2016, on 582 cattle including 374 males and 195 females, belonging to the phenotypes Méré, Zébu and Ndama. Trypanosome species were first identified in the field from blood smears and then characterized in the laboratory using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The three species diagnosed are, in decreasing order of their prevalence rate, Trypanosoma congolense savannah group, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Most of the infected cattle come from Korhogo, followed by M'Bengué and then Ferkessédougou. The infection rate is lower and of the same order in Katiola, Koumbala, Diawara and Niellé. Méré are the most infected compared to Zebu and Ndama. The latter are the most weakly infected. For the Ndama, trypanotolerance appears to be even more efficient in animals less than 8 years old. The Méré show a strong parasitaemia due to Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax, without however being sick. Keywords : AAT, Prevalence, Sudanese zone, Côte d’Ivoir

Re‐evaluation of stannous chloride (E 512) as food additive

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of stannous chloride and stannous chloride dihydrate (E 512) as food additives. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Stannous chloride is only permitted as food additives in one food category and no reply on the actual use level of stannous chloride (E 512) as a food additive and on its concentration in food was provided by any interested party. According to the Mintel's Global New Products Database (GNPD), stannous chloride was not labelled on any products in the EU nor in Norway. The regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario is based on the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) for stannous chloride (E 512), which is 25 mg Sn/kg. The mean exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) from its use as a food additive was below 1.3 μg Sn/kg body weight (bw) per day for all age groups. The 95th percentile of exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) ranged from 0.0 μg Sn/kg bw per day in all groups to 11.2 μg Sn/kg bw per day in adults. Absorption of stannous chloride from the gastrointestinal tract is low there is no concern with respect to carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. Gastrointestinal irritation was reported in humans after ingestion of a bolus dose of 40 mg Sn. The Panel concluded that stannous chloride (E 512) is of no safety concern in this current authorised use and use levels

Risk of potential transmission of bacterial infections by synanthropic flies in urban areas of Côte d'Ivoire

Du 11 janvier au 25 février 2022, des mouches ont été capturées dans la ville de Korhogo, en zone soudanaise de Côte d’Ivoire. Le but était d’évaluer le rôle potentiel de ces mouches dans la transmission des infections bactériennes aux hommes et aux animaux dans la zone urbaine. Les captures ont été opérées à l’aide d’un piège aseptisé à appât alimentaire, dans quatre types d'écosystèmes (restaurants, cantines scolaires, marchés, abattoirs, lieux d’élevage). Deux espèces de mouches synanthropes ont été capturées et identifiées : Musca domestica et Chrysomya albiceps. Elles ont permis de caractériser, au laboratoire, 7 espèces de bactéries : Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. et Pseudomonas sp. Il en résulte que, dans la ville de Korhogo, le risque de contamination bactérienne est élevé, particulièrement en zones d’élevage et dans les restaurants. Le risque est tout aussi important, mais à un degré moindre et dans des proportions comparables, dans les marchés et les abattoirs. Au niveau des cantines scolaires, le risque apparait le plus faible. Cependant, les enfants courent toujours un danger parce que les proportions des mouches synanthropes et des bactéries pathogènes qui y circulent, restent notables. Mots clés : Mouches synanthropes, Bactéries, Zone urbaine, Côte d’IvoireFrom 11 January to 25 February 2022, flies were caught in the city of Korhogo, in the Sudanese area of Côte d'Ivoire. The aim was to assess the potential role of these flies in the transmission of bacterial infections to humans and animals in urban areas. Catches were made using a sanitized food bait trap in four types of ecosystems (restaurants, school canteens, markets, slaughterhouses, livestock areas). Two species of synanthropic flies were captured and identified : Musca domestica and Chrysomya albiceps. They were used to characterize 7 species of bacteria in the laboratory : Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The result is that the risk of bacterial contamination in the town of Korhogo is high, especially in livestock areas and restaurants. The risk is just as great, but to a lesser extent and in comparable proportions, in markets and slaughterhouses. In school canteens, the risk appears to be the lowest. However, children are still in danger because the proportions of synanthropic flies and pathogenic bacteria that circulate there remain significant. Keywords: Synanthropic flies, Bacteria, Urban area, Côte d’Ivoir

Reprint of "Epidemiology of brucellosis, Q fever and rift valley fever at the human and livestock interface in northern Côte d'Ivoire"

Northern Côte d'Ivoire is the main livestock breeding zone and has the highest livestock cross-border movements in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to provide updated epidemiological data on three neglected zoonotic diseases, namely brucellosis, Q Fever and Rift Valley Fever (RVF). We conducted three-stage cross-sectional cluster surveys in livestock and humans between 2012 and 2014 in a random selection of 63 villages and a sample of 633 cattle, 622 small ruminants and 88 people. We administered questionnaires to capture risk factors and performed serological tests including the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Brucella spp. indirect and competitive ELISAs, Coxiella burnetii indirect ELISA and RVF competitive ELISA. The human seroprevalence for Brucella spp. was 5.3%. RBPT-positive small ruminants tested negative by the indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence of Brucella spp. in cattle adjusted for clustering was 4.6%. Cattle aged 5-8 years had higher odds of seropositivity (OR=3.5) than those aged ≤4years. The seropositivity in cattle was associated with having joint hygromas (OR=9), sharing the pastures with small ruminants (OR=5.8) and contact with pastoralist herds (OR=11.3). The seroprevalence of Q Fever was 13.9% in cattle, 9.4% in sheep and 12.4% in goats. The seroprevalence of RVF was 3.9% in cattle, 2.4% in sheep and 0% in goats. Seropositive ewes had greater odds (OR=4.7) of abortion than seronegative ones. In cattle, a shorter distance between the night pens and nearest permanent water bodies was a protective factor (OR=0.1). The study showed that the exposure to the three zoonoses is rather low in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Within a One Health approach, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of control measures should be assessed for an integrated control

Epidemiology of brucellosis, Q Fever and Rift Valley Fever at the human and livestock interface in northern Côte d'Ivoire

Northern Côte d'Ivoire is the main livestock breeding zone and has the highest livestock cross-border movements in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to provide updated epidemiological data on three neglected zoonotic diseases, namely brucellosis, Q Fever and Rift Valley Fever (RVF). We conducted three-stage cross-sectional cluster surveys in livestock and humans between 2012 and 2014 in a random selection of 63 villages and a sample of 633 cattle, 622 small ruminants and 88 people. We administered questionnaires to capture risk factors and performed serological tests including the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Brucella spp. indirect and competitive ELISAs, Coxiella burnetii indirect ELISA and RVF competitive ELISA. The human seroprevalence for Brucella spp. was 5.3%. RBPT-positive small ruminants tested negative by the indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence of Brucella spp. in cattle adjusted for clustering was 4.6%. Cattle aged 5-8 years had higher odds of seropositivity (OR=3.5) than those aged ≤4years. The seropositivity in cattle was associated with having joint hygromas (OR=9), sharing the pastures with small ruminants (OR=5.8) and contact with pastoralist herds (OR=11.3). The seroprevalence of Q Fever was 13.9% in cattle, 9.4% in sheep and 12.4% in goats. The seroprevalence of RVF was 3.9% in cattle, 2.4% in sheep and 0% in goats. Seropositive ewes had greater odds (OR=4.7) of abortion than seronegative ones. In cattle, a shorter distance between the night pens and nearest permanent water bodies was a protective factor (OR=0.1). The study showed that the exposure to the three zoonoses is rather low in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Within a One Health approach, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of control measures should be assessed for an integrated control

Genetic Diversity of Trypanosomes Infesting Cattle from Savannah District in North of Côte d’Ivoire Using Conserved Genomic Signatures: rRNA, ITS1 and gGAPDH

The potential danger to livestock from African animal trypanosomiasis is well known. However, the trypanosome species circulating in cattle and their genetics are poorly understood. After different alignments according to three regions (ITS1, gGAPDH and rRNA gene) of the trypanosome genome, phylogenetic analyses were used to show the genetic diversity of the different species that were circulating in the cattle in three regions (Bagoue, Poro and Tchologo) of Côte d’Ivoire. These analyses were performed by alignment of ITS1; by alignment of partial 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and partial 28S rRNA genes; and by alignment of gGAPDH gene with sequences of Trypanosomes found in GenBank. Three species were identified (T. vivax, T. theileri and T. congolense) in the cattle in the three northern regions of Côte d’Ivoire. T. vivax and T. theileri were the most abundant species in the present study. Contrary to the other primers used in this study, the ITS1 primers were not able to amplify T. theileri. We observed mixed infections between T. theileri and the other two species identified (T. vivax and T. congolense). As far as primers are concerned, in some cases, rRNA was able to identify the same species of trypanosomes that the ITS1 and gGAPDH primers were able to identify. Two main distinct groups of T. theileri complex were identified. The T. congolense and T. vivax strains were close to African strains, such as those from Kenya, Nigeria and Cameroon, unlike the T. theileri strain. Three trypanosome species (T. vivax, T. theileri and T. congolense) circulate in cattle in the Savannah district of Côte d’Ivoire. The genetic diversity of the trypanosome species encountered in this study cannot be classified as intraspecies according to geographical area and breed of cattle they infect