Réactions chimiques et mélanges locaux induits par ultrasons : vers une chimiothérapie ciblée

Development of targeted drug-delivery methods has become an increasingly important research field in cancer therapy. In this context, perfluorocarbon (PFC) microdroplets can be combined with ultrasound. The latter can remotely trigger the vaporization of the PFC phase, thus opening the microdroplets and releasing their content in a spatially controlled manner. In this work, we were able to establish that these PFC droplets could be used to control both temporally and spatially a spontaneous chemical reaction such as the non-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This « in situ chemistry » strategy was also successfully applied to the in vitro localized release of either a doxorubicin or a monomethylauristatin E prodrug and their subsequent activation by a specific enzyme, the β glucuronidase. We believe that such strategy could lead to drug synthesis directly into the tumors. A new microfluidic mixing method was also developed. Flows are typically laminar in microfluidic systems, which impedes an efficient and fast mixing between fluids. In order to design fully functionnal « labs on chips », mixing methods need to be implemented. In this context, we showed that the vaporization of a PFC phase under the focus of an ultrasound transducer could be used to achieve fast and efficient mixing in a microfluidic channel.Le développement de méthodes de délivrance de médicaments ciblées est devenu un objectif primordial dans le cadre des thérapies anticancéreuses. Dans ce contexte, il est possible de combiner l’utilisation de microgouttes de perfluorocarbone (PFC) avec des ultrasons afin de déclencher à distance et de façon spatialement contrôlée la vaporisation du PFC, et donc l’ouverture de ces microgouttes et la libération de leur contenu. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer la possibilité d’utiliser ces microgouttes de PFC afin de contrôler spatialement mais également temporellement une réaction chimique spontanée comme la cycloaddition non catalysée entre un azoture et un alcyne. Nous avons ensuite montré que cette stratégie de chimie in situ pouvait être appliquée avec succès à l’activation locale in vitro de pro-drogues de la doxorubicine et de la monométhylauristatine E par la β-glucuronidase, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la fabrication de médicaments directement dans les tumeurs. Une stratégie de mélange microfluidique a également été étudiée. Le caractère laminaire des écoulements de fluides en microfluidique rendant le mélange entre fluides particulièrement lent, il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des méthodes de mélange efficaces dans l’optique de créer de véritables « laboratoires sur puce ». Nous avons ainsi pu montrer qu’une généralisation du concept de vaporisation du PFC par ultrasons pouvait permettre d’accéder à une méthode de mélange microfluidique rapide et efficace

A versatile and robust microfluidic device for capillary-sized simple or multiple emulsions production

International audienceUltrasound-vaporizable microdroplets can be exploited for targeted drug delivery. However, it requires customized microfluidic techniques able to produce monodisperse, capillary-sized and biocompatible multiple emulsions. Recent development of microfluidic devices led to the optimization of microdroplet production with high yields, low polydispersity and well-defined diameters. So far, only few were shown to be efficient for simple droplets or multiple emulsions production below 5 microns in diameter, which is required to prevent microembolism after intravenous injection. Here, we present a versatile microchip for both simple and multiple emulsion production. This parallelized system based on microchannel emulsification was designed to produce perfluorocarbon in water or water within perfluorocarbon in water emulsions with capillary sizes (<5 μm) and polydispersity index down to 5 % for in vivo applications such as spatiotemporally-triggered drug delivery using Ultrasound. We show that droplet production at this scale is mainly controlled by interfacial tension forces, how capillary and viscosity ratios influence droplet characteristics and how different production regimes may take place. The better understanding of droplet formation and its relation to applied pressures is supported by observations with a high-speed camera. Compared to previous microchips, this device opens perspectives to produce injectable and biocompatible droplets with a reasonable yield in order to realize preclinical studies in mice

In situ targeted activation of an anticancer agent using ultrasound-triggered release of composite droplets

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Sequential Release of Nanoparticle Payloads from Ultrasonically Burstable Capsules

In many biomedical contexts ranging from chemotherapy to tissue engineering, it is beneficial to sequentially present bioactive payloads. Explicit control over the timing and dose of these presentations is highly desirable. Here, we present a capsule-based delivery system capable of rapidly releasing multiple payloads in response to ultrasonic signals. In vitro, these alginate capsules exhibited excellent payload retention for up to 1 week when unstimulated and delivered their entire payloads when ultrasonically stimulated for 10–100 s. Shorter exposures (10 s) were required to trigger delivery from capsules embedded in hydrogels placed in a tissue model and did not result in tissue heating or death of encapsulated cells. Different types of capsules were tuned to rupture in response to different ultrasonic stimuli, thus permitting the sequential, on-demand delivery of nanoparticle payloads. As a proof of concept, gold nanoparticles were decorated with bone morphogenetic protein-2 to demonstrate the potential bioactivity of nanoparticle payloads. These nanoparticles were not cytotoxic and induced an osteogenic response in mouse mesenchymal stem cells. This system may enable researchers and physicians to remotely regulate the timing, dose, and sequence of drug delivery on-demand, with a wide range of clinical applications ranging from tissue engineering to cancer treatment

Ultrasound-induced chemical reactions and local mixing : towards targeted chemotherapy

Le développement de méthodes de délivrance de médicaments ciblées est devenu un objectif primordial dans le cadre des thérapies anticancéreuses. Dans ce contexte, il est possible de combiner l’utilisation de microgouttes de perfluorocarbone (PFC) avec des ultrasons afin de déclencher à distance et de façon spatialement contrôlée la vaporisation du PFC, et donc l’ouverture de ces microgouttes et la libération de leur contenu. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer la possibilité d’utiliser ces microgouttes de PFC afin de contrôler spatialement mais également temporellement une réaction chimique spontanée comme la cycloaddition non catalysée entre un azoture et un alcyne. Nous avons ensuite montré que cette stratégie de chimie in situ pouvait être appliquée avec succès à l’activation locale in vitro de pro-drogues de la doxorubicine et de la monométhylauristatine E par la β-glucuronidase, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la fabrication de médicaments directement dans les tumeurs. Une stratégie de mélange microfluidique a également été étudiée. Le caractère laminaire des écoulements de fluides en microfluidique rendant le mélange entre fluides particulièrement lent, il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des méthodes de mélange efficaces dans l’optique de créer de véritables « laboratoires sur puce ». Nous avons ainsi pu montrer qu’une généralisation du concept de vaporisation du PFC par ultrasons pouvait permettre d’accéder à une méthode de mélange microfluidique rapide et efficace.Development of targeted drug-delivery methods has become an increasingly important research field in cancer therapy. In this context, perfluorocarbon (PFC) microdroplets can be combined with ultrasound. The latter can remotely trigger the vaporization of the PFC phase, thus opening the microdroplets and releasing their content in a spatially controlled manner. In this work, we were able to establish that these PFC droplets could be used to control both temporally and spatially a spontaneous chemical reaction such as the non-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This « in situ chemistry » strategy was also successfully applied to the in vitro localized release of either a doxorubicin or a monomethylauristatin E prodrug and their subsequent activation by a specific enzyme, the β glucuronidase. We believe that such strategy could lead to drug synthesis directly into the tumors. A new microfluidic mixing method was also developed. Flows are typically laminar in microfluidic systems, which impedes an efficient and fast mixing between fluids. In order to design fully functionnal « labs on chips », mixing methods need to be implemented. In this context, we showed that the vaporization of a PFC phase under the focus of an ultrasound transducer could be used to achieve fast and efficient mixing in a microfluidic channel

Subwavelength far-field ultrasound drug-delivery

International audienceThe theoretical diffraction-limit of resolution for ultrasound imaging has recently been bypassed in-vitro and in-vivo. However, in the context of ultrasound therapy, the precision of therapeutic beams remains bound to the half-wavelength limit. By combining acoustic vaporization of composite droplets and rapid ultrasound monitoring, we demonstrate that the ultrasound drug-delivery can be restricted to a subwavelength zone. Moreover, two release zones closer than the wavelength/4 can be distinguished both optically and through ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy. This proof-of-concept let us envision the possibility to treat specific tissues more precisely without compromising on the penetration depth of the ultrasound wave

A fast and switchable microfluidic mixer based on ultrasound-induced vaporization of perfluorocarbon

crosscheck: This document is CrossCheck deposited related_data: Supplementary Information copyright_licence: The Royal Society of Chemistry has an exclusive publication licence for this journal copyright_licence: The accepted version of this article will be made freely available in the Chemical Sciences Article Repository after a 12 month embargo period history: Received 3 March 2015; Accepted 6 March 2015; Accepted Manuscript published 6 March 2015; Advance Article published 17 March 2015; Version of Record published 21 April 2015similarity_check: This document is Similarity Check deposited related_data: Supplementary Information copyright_licence: The Royal Society of Chemistry has an exclusive publication licence for this journal copyright_licence: The accepted version of this article will be made freely available after a 12 month embargo period peer_review_method: Single-blind history: Received 3 March 2015; Accepted 6 March 2015; Accepted Manuscript published 6 March 2015; Advance Article published 17 March 2015; Version of Record published 21 April 201