Involvement of the putative anion transporter 1 (SLC26A6) in permeation of short chain fatty acids and their metabolites across the basolateral membrane of ovine ruminal epithelium: Involvement of the putative anion transporter 1 (SLC26A6) inpermeation of short chain fatty acids and their metabolites across thebasolateral membrane of ovine ruminal epithelium

Introduction: Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in forestomach of ruminants produces large amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, mainly acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid). The majority of these substrates is taken up directly across the ruminal wall. After luminal uptake into the epithelial cells, SCFA mainly occur in the dissociated form due to the intracellular pH of ~7.4. Moreover, a big portion of SCFA is metabolised within the cytosol. Main end products of epithelial SCFA metabolism are ketone bodies (D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid) and lactic acid. Both intact SCFA and ketone bodies and lactate need to be efficiently extruded from the ruminal epithelial cells to prevent a lethal drop of intracellular pH and counteract osmotic load of the cytosol. All these substances are less lipophilic in comparison to the undissociated form of SCFA. Thus, dissociated SCFA (SCFA-) and their metabolites need Protein mediated mechanisms for the extrusion across the basolateral side of ruminal epithelium. One mechanism suggested to be involved in the extrusion of SCFA- across basolateral membrane of the ruminal epithelium is the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). Functionally, MCT1 was first assumed to operate as proton-coupled transporter for monocarboxylates including SCFA. Nonetheless, a recent study found a bicarbonate dependent anion exchange mechanism which turned out to be sensitive to MCT1 Inhibitors at the basolateral side of the ruminal epithelium pointing to the ability of MCT1 to act as an anion exchanger. However, in these experiments the inhibition of MCT1 abolished bicarbonate dependent transport only by half. This suggests the involvement of further anion exchanger(s) in the transport of SCFA across the basolateral membrane of ruminal epithelium. Promising candidates to underlie this exchange are the putative Anion exchanger 1 (PAT1) and a transport protein designated „down-regulated in adenoma“ (DRA). Materials and Methods: Sheep rumen epithelium was mounted in Ussing Chambers under short-circuit conditions. Radioactively labelled acetate (ac) was added to the serosal side. Serosal to mucosal flux of ac (Jsm ac) was measured with or without anion Exchange inhibitors (50 mM NO3- or 1 mM DIDS) or the MCT1 inhibitor p-hydroxy mercuribenzoic acid (pHMB; 1.5 mM) in the serosal buffer solution. The inhibitors were added alone or in combination with each other. Furthermore, mucosal to serosal flux of radioactivelly labelled ac or butyrate (bu) (Jms ac, bu) was measured in the presence or absence of SO42-, Cl- or NO3- (50 mM respectively) as exchange substrate in the serosal buffer solution. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to locate PAT1 and DRA by use of commercially available antibodies. Results: NO3- and pHMB significantly reduced Jsm ac by 57 % and 51 %, respectively. When pHMB was applied after pre-incubation with NO3- an additional inhibition of Jsm ac was observed. Vice versa, NO3- further inhibited Jsm ac when epithelia were pre-incubated with pHMB before. DIDS had no inhibitory effect on SCFA flux. Serosal presence of SO42- or Cl- enhanced Jms ac significantly. Regarding bu, Cl- or SO4 2- also enhanced Jms bu significantly. The different anions available in the serosal buffer solution numerically enhanced Jms in the order of SO4 2- > Cl- for both ac and bu, which corresponds to the known affinity sequence of PAT1 and DRA. Immunohistochemistry revealed localization of PAT 1 in the stratum basale, whereas DRA was not detectable using this method. Conclusions: Basically, this study supports the suggestion that MCT1 works as an Anion exchanger in ruminal epithelium. In addition, it clearly shows that there is at least one further anion exchanger involved in the basolateral extrusion of SCFA and their metabolites. The functional and immunohistochemical findings suggest that PAT1 holds a significant role in this respect.:1 Introduction 1 2 Literature Review 3 2.1 Importance of short-chain fatty acid production of ruminants 3 2.2 Apical uptake of short-chain fatty acids from the rumen 5 2.2.1 Apical uptake of undissociated SCFA from the rumen 6 2.2.2 Apical uptake of dissociated fatty acids from the rumen 8 2.3 Intraepithelial metabolism of short-chain fatty acids 9 2.4 Mechanisms for the basolateral discharge of the short-chain fatty acids 11 2.4.1 Basolateral extrusion of short-chain fatty acids in other gastrointestinal tract epithelia 12 2.4.2 Basolateral extrusion of short-chain fatty acids in ruminal epithelium 14 2.4.3 Further candidate proteins for extrusion of SCFA- in exchange for HCO3 - 19 2.4.3.1 Putative Anion transporter 1 (PAT1 = SLC26A6) 19 2.4.3.2 Down-regulated in adenoma (DRA = SLC26A3) 21 2.4.3.3 Anion exchanger 2 (AE2 = SLC4A2) 22 2.5 Literature implications for this study 23 3 Materials and Methods 24 3.1 Animals 24 3.2 Ussing chamber studies 24 3.2.1 Buffer solutions 24 3.2.2 Preparation of ruminal epithelium 25 3.2.3 Incubation 25 3.2.4 Electrophysiological parameters 26 3.3 Experimental procedure 27 3.3.1 Determination of the unidirectional SCFA flux rate 29 3.4 Experimental Setups 30 3.4.1 Sensitivity of Jsm ac to inhibitors 30 3.4.1.1 Effect of nitrate and pHMB on Jsm ac 30 3.4.1.2 Effect of DIDS, NO3 - and pHMB on Jsm ac 31 3.4.2 Effect of the basolateral replacement of the anions on the extrusion of SCFA 32 3.4.2.1 Effect of Cl- and NO3 - on Jms of acetate and butyrate 32 3.4.2.2 Effect of SO4 2- on Jms of acetate and butyrate 32 3.4.3 Effect of different anions available in the serosal solution on Jms of acetate and butyrate 33 3.5 Immunohistochemistry 34 3.5.1 Preparation of the samples. 34 3.5.2 Fixation and staining of the samples. 34 3.5.3 Evaluation 35 3.6 Statistical analysis 36 4 Results 37 4.1 Inhibitors sensitivity 37 4.1.1 Effect of nitrate and pHMB on Jsm ac 37 4.1.2 Effect of DIDS, pHMB and NO3 - on Jsm ac 41 4.2 Effect of Cl- and NO3 - on Jms of acetate and butyrate 43 4.2.1 Effect of SO4 2- on Jms of acetate and butyrate 44 4.3 Effect of Cl-, NO3 - or SO4 2- when present in the serosal solution for 150 min 49 4.4 Immunohistochemistry 52 5 Discussion 54 5.1Ussing chamber experiments 56 5.1.1 Effect of Cl- and NO3 - on Jms of acetate 56 5.1.2 Effect of nitrate and pHMB on Jsm of acetate 57 5.1.3 Effect of DIDS, pHMB or NO3 - on Jsm of acetat 58 5.1.4 Effect of SO4 2- on Jms of acetate 59 5.1.5 Comparison between different anions as exchange substrate for the basolateral extrusion of acetate 60 5.2 Immunohistochemistry 62 5.3 Comparison between basolateral extrusion of butyrate and acetate 62 5.4 Conclusions 64 6 Summary 66 7 Zusammenfassung 68 8 References 70 Ac Aknowledgement

Reduced order modeling of fluid flows: Machine learning, Kolmogorov barrier, closure modeling, and partitioning

In this paper, we put forth a long short-term memory (LSTM) nudging framework for the enhancement of reduced order models (ROMs) of fluid flows utilizing noisy measurements. We build on the fact that in a realistic application, there are uncertainties in initial conditions, boundary conditions, model parameters, and/or field measurements. Moreover, conventional nonlinear ROMs based on Galerkin projection (GROMs) suffer from imperfection and solution instabilities due to the modal truncation, especially for advection-dominated flows with slow decay in the Kolmogorov width. In the presented LSTM-Nudge approach, we fuse forecasts from a combination of imperfect GROM and uncertain state estimates, with sparse Eulerian sensor measurements to provide more reliable predictions in a dynamical data assimilation framework. We illustrate the idea with the viscous Burgers problem, as a benchmark test bed with quadratic nonlinearity and Laplacian dissipation. We investigate the effects of measurements noise and state estimate uncertainty on the performance of the LSTM-Nudge behavior. We also demonstrate that it can sufficiently handle different levels of temporal and spatial measurement sparsity. This first step in our assessment of the proposed model shows that the LSTM nudging could represent a viable realtime predictive tool in emerging digital twin systems

Drillstring Vibration Analysis in Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) using WELLPLANTM

Oil and gas industry always aims efficient service with optimal expenses. This final year project, aiming to deal with one of the most important parameters, that has tremendous impact on drilling operations’ time and cost. This parameter as mentioned above on the topic is a Drillstring Vibrations. While drilling, Drillstring Vibration causes premature drillstring components and bit failure [8], and is a waste of drilling energy. To increase drilling efficiency, drillstring vibrations need to be monitored and analyzed and the optimum drilling parameters and practices need to be achieved as a well is being drilled. This results in a reduction in the drillstring failures and the amount of time spent tripping and/or fishing, and an increase in both bit life and drilling rate. Drillstring dynamics is one of the most important limiting factors in extended reach drilling. This is because, long sections of the drillstring lie on the low side of the wellbore while rotating. When the rotary speed exceeds a critical threshold the drillstring starts to snake, sliding up and down the borehole wall [1]. If rotated further beyond the threshold speed, the drillstring will eventually start to whir which can cause severe damage to string components after only a short period of time [1]. Therefore, the main scope of the project, considering the earlier mentioned issues, a WELLPLAN software (Critical Speed Module) used. The project mainly dealt with drillstring, axial stress, bending stresses and torsional oscillations known as stick-slip motion of the bit. Besides the WELLPLANTM software, a matlab M.file was developed that uses some predetermined equations to estimate the critical drillstring vibrations, and critical operational speed taking into account the weight on bit, BHA length and rock compressive strengt

The Effect of HIV Education Program on Changing the Attitude of Secondary School Students Towards HIV/AIDS Sufferers Khartoum State (2014)

HIV/AIDS seriously affects adolescents throughout the world. One-third of all currently infected individuals are youth ages 15 to 24, and half of all new infections occur in same age youth. This is an Interventional Quasi study, aimed to assess the effect of health education program of Human Immune -Deficiency virus on changing attitude towards HIV and AIDS among secondary school students in Khartoum state. Five hundred students were enrolled by using multi stage random sampling, the study was done in three phases: phase one used questionnaire of 32 questions. Phase two was implementing the Sudanese National Aids Program (SNAP'S) which is a health education program in secondary schools alongside the curriculum for students in the selected secondary schools for 8 months. Phase three was Re- Evaluation by the same questionnaire used in phase one. The study revealed that few students were willing to care of a family member or friend who suffers with AIDS (25.6%) in the pre-test however the percentage increased to  (79.2%)  after intervention, (42.6%)  thought that HIV positive people should not be allowed to mix with people at mosque or church , the percentage decreased to (39.2%) after the intervention. 63.8% of students said that a teacher who is HIV positive should not be allowed to continue teaching in their school, while only (86.2%) of the students changed their mind after intervention. Also prior to intervention (27.6%) of the students accepted sharing same class with HIV infected student while (50.0%) agreed after the intervention. The study concluded that education intervention program was effective and statistically significant in the Improvement of students' attitude towards HIV/AIDS positive (P value= 0.001). معظم اصابات فيروس  مرض نقص المناعة المكتسب تحدث وسط الشباب من عمر 14-24 سنه هذه دراسه تدخليه تهدف الى تقييم أثرتدريس كتيب البرنامج القومى السودانى للايدز للتثقيف الصحى على سلوك  عينة من طلاب المدارس الثانوية بولاية الخرطوم تجاه  المصابين بالفيروس أو مرضى الأيدز و التى اشترك فيها (500) طالب تم اختيارهم عشوائيا بطريقة التعدد المرحلى . نفذت الدراسة على ثلاثة مراحل : المرحلة الأولى تم فيها جمع المعلومات بواسطة استبيان مكون  من(32) سؤال , ثم مرحلة التدخل عن طريق تدريس الذى وضع بواسطه البرنامج السودانى القومى للايدز  لمدة سته اشهر, ثم المرحلة الثالثة و التى جمعت فيها البيانات بنفس الاستبيان الأول . توصلت الدراسة الى النتائج الآتية: 25.6% من الطلاب كانوا موافقين على رعاية مريض ايدز ينتمى الى الأسرة قبل التدخل بينما ارتفعت النسبة الى 79.2% بعد التدخل . 42.2% رأوا أن المصاب بالفيروس لا يجب ان يختلط بالناس فى المسجد و قد نقصت النسبة بعد التدخل الى 39.2%. 63.8% من الطلاب قبلوا بتلقى الدراسة من معلم مصاب بالفيروس قبل التدخل و قد ارتفعت النسبة الى 86.2% بعد التدخل. كما لم يمانع 27.6% منهم على وجود زميل لهم بالفصل مصاب بالفيروس قبل التدخل  و ارتفعت النسبه الى 50.0% بعد التدخل . خلصت الدراسة الى أن منهج التثقيف الصحى للطلاب ذو أثر بالغ احصائيا  فى تحسين إتجاهات طلاب المدارس الثانوية  تجاه المصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة المكتسب أو تجاه مرضى الايدز

INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE MERSIN OPHIOLITE, SOUTHERN TURKEY

This study examines the tectonic evolution of the Mersin ophiolite of the central Tauride of Turkey, using palaeomagnetic, structural and geochemical analyses. This ophiolite represents one of the best examples of Tethyan-type ophiolites formed by supra-subduction zone spreading within the northern Neotethyan Ocean basin during the Late Cretaceous. It exposes a 3.0 km section of lower crustal, cumulate rocks, and tectonically separated exposures of the underlying mantle sequence and metamorphic sole, both of which are cut by basaltic dykes. Stepwise thermal and alternating field demagnetization of ultramafic and gabbroic cumulates from 18 sites mostly identified single components of remanent magnetization characterized by ENE-directed, moderately upwards inclined directions in geographic coordinates with high coercivities/high unblocking temperatures. The slight increase in scattering in remanence directions after tilt correction has been interpreted to be related to local variations in orientation of cumulates layering within the magma chamber. Rock magnetic investigations showed that magnetite is the main magnetic mineral in the majority of ultramafic, gabbro and dyke rock samples, and rock magnetic and demagnetization characteristics suggest that the samples carry thermoremanent magnetizations acquired during crustal accretion. Net tectonic rotation analyses show that all the units of the Mersin ophiolite, including lower crustal cumulates, dykes in the mantle sequence and dykes in the metamorphic sole have experienced large clockwise rotations around NE- trending, moderately plunging to sub-horizontal axes. Correcting anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data for the effects of these rotations suggests that magmatic flow in the cumulates had an initial NNE-SSW orientation, which if assumed to relate to seafloor spreading suggests that the Mersin spreading axis was oriented WNW-ESE. This is consistent with regional palaeogeographic reconstructions. The net tectonic rotation data show that dykes in the metamorphic sole are rotated by c. 45°, significantly less than the c. 115° rotations seen in the mantle sequence and in the cumulate sequences of the overlying thrust sheets. These results therefore document an initial stage of intra-oceanic clockwise rotation of the ophiolite that occurred after initial detachment but prior to emplacement of dykes cutting the metamorphic sole. Subsequent additional clockwise rotation (of all units) may be attributed to further intra-oceanic rotation (preferred interpretation) or to later emplacement of the ophiolite onto the Tauride continental margin. Finally, some new, preliminary data are presented from the Lizard ophiolite of Cornwall in Appendix A, forming the results of a training project undertaken while awaiting permission for fieldwork in Turkey.Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-Ira

Alternative Sites for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, in Thin and Obese Patients from the Point of View of Changes in the Abdominal Dimensions

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard operation for treatment of gallstone disease, which is difficult in obese patients, but narrow abdomen and thin patients are also a challenge, resulting in complications which mainly affect patients at the extreme ends of the weight spectrum. This represents a major source of morbidity and mortality from laparoscopic procedures; the majority (80%) of these complications is due to placement of the primary trocar, Searching for techniques to prevent involuntary injuries must be put as the priority, to ensure the optimal retraction, allows enough space available for manipulation of the active jaws of the laparoscopic graspers or scissors. Aim: To define alternative sites for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in thin and obese patients from the point of view of alteration in the abdominal dimensions, which may reduces laparoscopic, related injury. Methods: In Al Sulaimaniyah Teaching Hospital and Hatwan Private Hospitral , from (July 15th 2004-July14th 2009) 1076 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by same team and 35% of them by the same surgeon. Standard 4 ports were used, with first entry port in the periumblical region. Sixty patients were selected, because of their extreme weight and the patients were classified accordingly in to two groups: Group A:had downward displacement of umbilicus (43-60 cm width & 30-45cm height of the abdomen). Group B; had narrow abdominal dimensions (28-38 cm width & 14-27cm height of the abdomen). Results: Different alternative sites for trocar insertion were selected in order to overcome abdominal thickness and discrepancy between length of the hand instruments and distance of the port to the gall bladder Conclusions: We recommend using this principle in the patients with extreme weight and narrow abdomen when XU is less than 15 cm or (more than 25cm), to decrease challenges of sequel of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in these groups of patients. Keywords: Abdominal dimensions, laparoscopy, cholecystectomy, port positio

Recent Advances in Photovoltaic-Trombe Wall System: A Review

Management of energy consumption for building’s air conditioning is a vital issue for resource saving and environmental protection. The use of solar energy to generate electricity by solar cells is essential nowadays. However, the disadvantage of solar panels is the elevated temperature in work, especially in the hot sunny climate that leads to efficiency decline. Also, there is a problem with heating during the night and cloudy days. For the last 20 years, there has been a rapid development in the field of integrated solar technologies. A hybrid PV/Trombe wall (PV/TW) system suggested being an efficient and durable conversion system of solar energy. The design of the PV/TW system considered one of the focusing areas of the present research to make it more economically feasible. The idea of building the photovoltaic-Trombe wall has appeared as one of the green technologies. Several published works at that time are included for integrating PV/TW system. This chapter devoted to reviewing the theoretical and practical studies conducted on this system for developing and improving electrical and thermal performance

Impact of emotional exhaustions on turnover intentions : a mediating role of organizational commitment in higher education institutes of Saudi Arabia

Environment, organizational culture, development/promotion policies, facilities, compensation and political issues are some of the causes of reduction in the organizational commitment and increase in the level of emotional exhaustion and development of turnover intention among faculty of universities. The occupational psychology of faculty is influenced by diverse elements and specifically, there are various factors that play crucial role in overall organizational commitment emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. The faculty plays a vital role in ensuring the students and society for the quality education. For this study, the faculty members of various departments of selected universities in Riaz, KSA were the target population. The population for this study comprised faculty members of higher education institutions employing approximately 100 or more than 100 faculty members. The results show that all the study variables are significantly related with each others. The mediation results show that organizational commitment partially mediate between the emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions among the faculty of higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia.peer-reviewe