Individual Motives for Campaign Giving.

The basic assumptions of this study are that individual contributors to campaigns are motivated by a desire to enhance their self-esteem through access, acquired through giving, and that large givers exhibit behavior that indicates a greater desire for access. Large givers exhibit such behavior to a significantly greater extent than moderate or small givers, and seek status by giving for other than politically-explicit reasons. It is hypothesized that: (I) All contributors have a greater sense of political efficacy and greater trust in government than the general public. (II) Individuals contribute as a result of conventional, acceptable motives, which are: (1) Patriotism; (2) Ideology; (3) Efficacy; (4) Government Trust; (5) Party Identification/Partisanship; (6) Issue Orientation. There are statistically significant, positive relationships between the above conventional reasons for giving, and: (a) The amount of contribution; (b) The number of contributions; (c) The number of candidates to whom contributions are made. (III) There is a significant, positive relationship between a contributor\u27s need to seek status (enhancement of self-esteem) and: (1) The amount of contribution; (2) The number of contributions; (3) The number of candidates to whom contributions are made. (IV) There is a significant, positive relationship between contributors who desire access and: (1) The amount of contribution; (2) The number of contributions; (3) The number of candidates to whom contributions are made. A questionnaire containing 56 questions was mailed to a random sample of 2,700 contributors to the 1988 United States Senate races in nine states, representing the nine census regions of the country. By using five variables, a representative state was selected. The data revealed that access is important to substantially all givers, but more important to large givers and those who contribute more frequently to more candidates, and certain attitudinal and behavioral indicators point to manifestations of the need for access to enhance the giver\u27s self-esteem and status. Status is also important to the same group

The Circular Dichroism Spectrum and Structure of Unordered Polypeptides and Proteins

The evidence bearing on our revision of the early assignment of the circular dichroism spectrum of the maximally unordered polypeptide chain is reviewed. Our initial, as well as subsequent, studies are believed to support the proposed revision in assignment. This conclusion need not be modified in the light of recent work on water‐soluble, non‐ionizable polymers.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101811/1/197400018_ftp.pd

Improvement of local budget filling

This chapter describes the biological removal of sulphur compounds from gas streams. First, an overview is given of the toxicity of sulphur compounds to animals and humans whereafter biological and industrial formation routes for (organic) sulphur compounds are given. Microbial degradation routes of volatile organic sulphur compounds under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are presented. Finally, the most commonly applied processes for sulphur removal from gaseous streams are discussed and an overview is given of operating experiences for biological gas treatment systems. The chapter concludes with some remarks on future developments

The Mechanism of Enhanced Insulin Amyloid Fibril Formation by NaCl Is Better Explained by a Conformational Change Model

The high propensity of insulin to fibrillate causes severe biomedical and biotechnological complications. Insulin fibrillation studies attain significant importance considering the prevalence of diabetes and the requirement of functional insulin in each dose. Although studied since the early years of the 20th century, elucidation of the mechanism of insulin fibrillation has not been understood completely. We have previously, through several studies, shown that insulin hexamer dissociates into monomer that undergoes partial unfolding before converting into mature fibrils. In this study we have established that NaCl enhances insulin fibrillation mainly due to subtle structural changes and is not a mere salt effect. We have carried out studies both in the presence and absence of urea and Gdn.HCl and compared the relationship between conformation of insulin induced by urea and Gdn.HCl with respect to NaCl at both pH 7.4 (hexamer) and pH 2 (monomer). Fibril formation was followed with a Thioflavin T assay and structural changes were monitored by circular dichroism and size-exclusion chromatography. The results show salt-insulin interactions are difficult to classify as commonly accepted Debye-Hückel or Hofmeister series interactions but instead a strong correlation between the association states and conformational states of insulin and their propensity to fibrillate is evident

Dioxin, Furan, Particulate, and Trace Metal Emissions From Municipal Refuse Incinerators

Disposal of municipal refuse is becoming a major problem for many areas of the nation. As one possible solution of that problem, largescale incineration of municipal refuse has been proposed and many such proposals are under active consideration by various cities. In fact, many of those proposals are currently seeking regulatory approvals and permits. Thus, much effort is being devoted to evaluating .the public health and environmental impacts of refuse incinerators. Reluted to such efforts, there is a need for reliable data on the emission of air pollutants from refuse incineration. To that end, the purpose of this paper is to present a reliable data base of the dioxin, furan, particulate and trace metal emissions from municipal refuse incinerators. The emission data presented herein are based on over 30 published reports of refuse incineration emission testing programs conducted in Europe, Japan, Canada and the United States during the past 7-8 years. A total of 170 individual tests at 28 different incinerators were involved in the various published reports