Dynamic Effects of Demand and Supply Disturbances on the Finnish Economy: Did Liberalization of Capital Movements Matter?

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic effects of demand and supply disturbances on the Finnish economy. In addition, the study aims at finding out whether liberalization of capital movements affected the transmission of disturbances. The analysis is based on a vector autoregressive model for unemployment and the GNP from 1970.1 to 1990.4. The vector autoregressive representation is then transformed to a corresponding moving average representation and the dynamic effects of disturbances are analyzed by impulse response functions. The model restricts the number of disturbances to two, called demand and supply disturbances. Estimation shows that demand disturbances have temporary effects on GNP and unemployment, the effects of supply disturbances on GNP are permanent but their effects on unemployment are temporary. As capital mobility increases the effects of demand disturbances die out faster. There is no significant difference in the short term effects of supply disturbances on GNP but the long term effects are magnified. This is in accordance with economic theory.demand and supply; capital movements; Finnish economy

STRATEGISEN JOHTAMISEN KEHITTÄMINEN MIKRO-YRITYKSESSÄ : Tapaus M-yritys

Opinnäytetyö tutkii strategisen johtamisen kehittämistä mikroyrityksessä, miksi strategisen johtamisen kehittämistä tarvitaan ja mitkä menetelmät soveltuvat strategisen johtamisen kehittämiseen. Lähestymistavaksi valittiin konstruktiivinen tutkimusote. Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantaja on mikroyritys. Tutkimuksesta tuli esiin yhä kasvava strategisen johtamisen merkitys nykypäivän haasteiden kanssa kamppailevan yrityksen toiminnassa. Johtamisen haasteena yrityksessä on mm. osaamisen kehittäminen niin nykyisten kuin tulevaisuudenkin kilpailuetujen luomiseksi talouden ja kysynnän elpyessä. Lisäksi yrityksen toimintaa pitäisi pyrkiä tehostamaan ja etsimään strategisen johtamisen kehittämisen keinoin tapaa, jolla selvitä alueen yritysten keskuudessa yhä kovenevassa kilpailussa. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä käsitellään strategiaa ja strategista johtamista ja sen kehittämistä eri teorioiden muodossa. Opinnäytetyötä tehdessä havaittiin, että strategisen johtamisen kehittämisen vaikutus yrityksen toimintaan on suuri.This thesis deals with the development of strategic management in a micro-enterprise, why the development of strategic management is needed and what methods are suita-ble for the development of strategic management. The constructive research method was chosen as the research approach. This thesis is commissioned by a micro-enterprise. The study brought out the growing importance of strategic management in an enterprise dealing with today´s challenges. The managerial challenge in an enterprise includes the development of skills for creating both current and future competitive advantages when economy and demand are recovering. In addition, an attempt should be made to increase the efficiency of the operation of the company by means of the development of strategic management to deal with the ever increasing local competitive market. In a theoretical frame of reference, strategy, strategic management and the development of strategic management are dealt with by means of various theories. During this thesis process it was found out that the effects of the development of strate-gic management on an enterprise were great

Sensitivity of soil phosphorus tests in predicting the potential risk of phosphorus loss from pasture soil

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of urine and dung additions on the phosphorus (P) chemistry of pasture land and to compare the sensitivity of two soil extraction methods in assessing the P-loading risk. In a field experiment, urine and dung were added to soil in amounts corresponding to single excrement portions and the soil samples, taken at certain intervals, were analysed for pHH2O, acid ammonium acetate extractable P (PAc) and water extractable total P (TPw), and molybdate reactive P (MRPw). Urine additions immediately increased soil pH and MRPw, but no such response was observed in PAc extraction due to the low pH (4.65) of the extractant enhancing the resorption of P. The PAc responded to the dunginduced increase in soil total P similarly as did Pw, which suggests that both tests can serve to detect areas of high P concentration. However, water extraction was a more sensitive method for estimating short-term changes in P solubility. In pasture soils, the risk of P loss increases as a result of the interaction of urination and high P concentration in the topsoil resulting from continuous dung excretion

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