Driving and use of the mobile phone: a study among 18 to 24-year-old

While we know that using the telephone when driving increases the risk of accidents and that 18 to 24 year-olds are a fringe of the population that is particularly affected by fatal accidents on the road, we lack information concerning the use of the mobile phone in this age group. This study carried out with 208 young drivers aims to gather data, analyses their behavior at the wheel with the mobile plus their beliefs and awareness of risk. Three contexts are focused on: stopping at the red light, driving during the rush hour and highways. The findings highlight the importance of messaging and the influence of the context on the use of the mobile. We observe an inverse effect between the speed and messaging. While young people declare they are aware of certain risks, it concerns more the risks penalties and accordingly they appear to be impervious to road safety campaigns concerning the mobile phone behind the wheel. On this subject few major differences are to be found between male and female drivers and between very young and young drivers. The use of the mobile while driving among 18 to 24-year-olds therefore presents universal characteristics of use from moment or the driver (male or female) is a little more experimented

Replicated anthropogenic hybridisations reveal parallel patterns of admixture in marine mussels.

Human-mediated transport creates secondary contacts between genetically differentiated lineages, bringing new opportunities for gene exchange. When similar introductions occur in different places, they provide informally replicated experiments for studying hybridisation. We here examined 4,279 Mytilus mussels, sampled in Europe and genotyped with 77 ancestry-informative markers. We identified a type of introduced mussels, called "dock mussels," associated with port habitats and displaying a particular genetic signal of admixture between M. edulis and the Mediterranean lineage of M. galloprovincialis. These mussels exhibit similarities in their ancestry compositions, regardless of the local native genetic backgrounds and the distance separating colonised ports. We observed fine-scale genetic shifts at the port entrance, at scales below natural dispersal distance. Such sharp clines do not fit with migration-selection tension zone models, and instead suggest habitat choice and early-stage adaptation to the port environment, possibly coupled with connectivity barriers. Variations in the spread and admixture patterns of dock mussels seem to be influenced by the local native genetic backgrounds encountered. We next examined departures from the average admixture rate at different loci, and compared human-mediated admixture events, to naturally admixed populations and experimental crosses. When the same M. galloprovincialis background was involved, positive correlations in the departures of loci across locations were found; but when different backgrounds were involved, no or negative correlations were observed. While some observed positive correlations might be best explained by a shared history and saltatory colonisation, others are likely produced by parallel selective events. Altogether, genome-wide effect of admixture seems repeatable and more dependent on genetic background than environmental context. Our results pave the way towards further genomic analyses of admixture, and monitoring of the spread of dock mussels both at large and at fine spacial scales.ANR Project HySea (ANR-12-BSV7-0011); Russian Science Foundation project N°19-74-2002

Gastrointestinal helminthes of sheep in the central, eastern and northern parts of Burkina Faso

HELMINTHES GASTRO-INTESTINAUX DES MOUTONS DANS LES REGIONS DU CENTRE, DE L'EST ET DU NORD DU BURKINA FASO Résumé Des nécropsies helminthologiques de 60 moutons pendant une année ont permis d'identifier les parasites de leur cavité abdominale, de leur foie et de leur tube digestif. Treize (13) nématodes, 4 cestodes et 2 trématodes ont été identifiés. Cysticercus cellulosae a été retrouvé dans la cavité abdominale, Dicrocoelium hospes dans le foie, Cotylophoron cotylophoron et Gongylonema verrucosom dans le rumen. Dans la caillette, il y avait Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei et T. colubriformis. Dans l'intestin grêle où la diversité parasitaire était la plus importante, on a retrouvé T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Cooperia pectinata, C. punctata, Strongyloides papillosus, Gaigeria pachycelis, Avitellina centripunctata, Stilesia globipunctata et Moniezia expansa. Quant au gros intestin, il hébergeait Oesophagostomum columbianum, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichuris ovis et T. gobulosa. Les plus prévalents de ces parasites étaient : Trichostrongylus colubriformis (96,7%), les larves L4 d'Haemonchus contortus (88,3%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (70%), les adultes d'Haemonchus contortus (61,7%), Avitellina centripunctata (58,3%), T. vitrinus (51,7%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (43,3%) et Gaigeria pachyscelis (35%). Les degrés moyens d'infestation par les nématodes étaient en géneral faibles, à l'exception de ceux des larves d'H. contortus dans la caillette et des adultes de T. colubriformis dans l'intestin grêle à la fin de la saison des pluies et pendant la période sèche et froide. Summary Helminthological necropsy of 60 sheep for a year allowed the identification of parasites in the abdominal cavity, the liver and the digestive tract. Thirteen (13) nematodes, 4 cestodes and 2 trematodes were identified. Cysticercus cellulosae was found in the abdominal cavity, Dicrocoelium hospes in the liver, Cotylophoron cotylophoron and Gongylonema verrucosum in the rumen. In the abomasa, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei and T. colubriformis were present. The highest diversity of parasites was seen in the small intestines which had T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Cooperia pectinata, C. punctata, Strongyloides papillosus, Gaigeria pachycelis, Avitellina centripunctata, Stilesia globipunctata and Moniezia expansa. The large intestines harboured Oesophagostomum columbianum, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichuris ovis and T. gobulosa. The most prevalent of those parasites were: Trichostrongylus colubriformis (96.7%), Haemonchus contortus L4's (88.3%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (70%), Haemonchus contortus adults' (61.7%), Avitellina centripunctata (58.3%), Trichostrongylus vitrinus (51.7%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (43.3%) and Gaigeria pachyscelis (35%). Mean worm numbers of all nematodes collected were few with the exception of H. contortus L4's in the abomasa and T. colubriformis adults in the small intestines which were numerous at the end of the rainy season and during the dry and cold period. Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. (2004) 53, 13-2

Seasonal Variations of Gastrointestinal Helminths in the Goat of the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso

Necropsies of 60 goats were performed over a year to identify parasites in the abdominal cavity, the liver, and the digestive tube. Overall, 10 nematodes, 4 cestodes, and 2 trematodes were identified. Cysticercus tenuicollis was found in the peritoneal cavity, Dicrocoelium hospes in the liver, and Gongylonema verrucosum and paramphistomes in the reticulumrumen- omasum. In the abomasum, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were present. In the small intestine were present T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Strongyloides papillosus, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Avitellina centripunctata, Stilesia globipunctata, and Moniezia expansa. The large intestine harbored Oesophagostomum columbianum, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichuris ovis, and Trichuris globulosa. The most prevalent parasites were T. colubriformis (98.3%), O. columbianum (88.3%), H. contortus L4s (85%) and adults (65%), T. vitrinus (41.7%), Avitellina centripunctata (30%), and Cysticercus tenuicollis (30%). The mean nematode burden was globally low with the exception of H. contortus L4s in the abomasum and T. colubriformis adults in the small intestine at the end of the rainy season, and during the dry and cold period. This period would be ideal for the second annual strategic deworming of goats in the area

Eradication planétaire de la peste bovine: la dernière ligne droite

Planetary Eradication of Rinderpest: the Last Straight Line. Vingt-quatre moutons sahéliens âgés de deux ans et pesant en moyenne 30 kg ± 1,7 ont été répartis en deux groupes recevant l'un, une ration de production (B) et l'autre, une ration d'entretien (A). Dans chaque groupe existent un lot témoin et un lot infecté avec Trypanosoma congolense à raison de 104 trypanosomes par kilogramme de poids métabolique (kgP0,75 ). Les lots infectés ont développé une forte parasitémie avec un pic important après deux semaines d'infection. A partir du 17ème jour post infection les animaux infectés du lot A ont montré des températures rectales plus élevées, une chute de l'hématocrite plus importante que chez les animaux infectés du lot B. Cependant, la parasitémie s'est révélée plus importante chez les animaux recevant la ration de production B. En comparant les lots infectés avec leur témoins on a noté une différence hautement significative pour les GMQ. La réduction de l'ingestion volontaire de la matière sèche est plus marquée chez les animaux du lot B. Elle passe de 68,42 g MS/kgp0,75 à la première semaine post infection à 57,67 g MS/kp0,75 à la sixième poste infection pour les animaux du lot B et de 57,94 g MS/kgp0,75 à 53,09 g MS/kgp0,75 chez les animaux du lot A

Formation of murtoos by repeated flooding of ribbed bedforms along subglacial meltwater corridors

Fluctuations in meltwater discharge below modern glaciers and ice sheets due to diurnal, seasonal and long-term temperature variations are modulated by complex interactions between subglacial drainage, basal processes and bedform development. The bed of palaeo-ice sheets contains a variety of bedforms recording these modulations and provides an open window into the subglacial environment. Through the morphometric analysis of natural and experimental bedforms, respectively mapped along Scandinavian meltwater corridors and produced in a physical model simulating transitory subglacial water flow, we observe a morphological and genetic bedform continuum corresponding to the progressive transformation of ribbed bedforms into murtoos. Two alternating drainage configurations, related to repeated subglacial flooding events, are involved in this transformation: (i) significant meltwater discharge, high hydraulic connectivity and ice-bed decoupling during flooding events lead to hydraulic alteration of ribbed bedforms by erosion, sediment deposition and channel incision, while (ii) limited meltwater flow, low hydraulic connectivity and ice-bed recoupling that follow flooding events lead to their deformational reshaping into murtoos. The degree of transformation of ribbed bedforms into murtoos can be quantified by combining two dimensionless morphometric parameters (circularity and sinuosity) and provides a convenient proxy to constrain magnitudes, durations and/or frequencies of subglacial floods in palaeo-meltwater corridors