Progress in authority management of people names for collections

The concept of building a network of relationships between entities, a knowledge graph, is one of the most effective methods to understand the relations between data. By organizing data, we facilitate the discovery of complex patterns not otherwise evident in the raw data. Each datum at the nodes of a knowledge graph needs a persistent identifier (PID) to reference it unambiguously. In the biodiversity knowledge graph, people are key elements (Page 2016). They collect and identify specimens, they publish, observe, work with each other and they name organisms. Yet biodiversity informatics has been slow to adopt PIDs for people and people are currently represented in collection management systems as text strings in various formats. These text strings often do not separate individuals within a collecting team and little biographical information is collected to disambiguate collectors. In March 2019 we organised an international workshop to find solutions to the problem of PIDs for people in collections with the aim of identifying people unambiguously across the world's natural history collections in all of their various roles. Stakeholders were represented from 11 countries, representing libraries, collections, publishers, developers and name registers. We want to identify people for many reasons. Cross-validation of information about a specimen with biographical information on the specimen can be used to clean data. Mapping specimens from individual collectors across multiple herbaria can geolocate specimens accurately. By linking literature to specimens through their authors and collectors we can create collaboration networks leading to a much better understanding of the scientific contribution of collectors and their institutions. For taxonomists, it will be easier to identify nomenclatural type and syntype material, essential for reliable typification. Overall, it will mean that geographically dispersed specimens can be treated much more like a single distributed infrastructure of specimens as is envisaged in the European Distributed Systems of Scientific Collections Infrastructure (DiSSCo). There are several person identifier systems in use. For example, the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is a widely used system for published authors. The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI), has broader scope and incorporates VIAF. The ORCID identifier system provides self-registration of living researchers. Also, Wikidata has identifiers of people, which have the advantage of being easy to add to and correct. There are also national systems, such as the French and German authority files, and considerable sharing of identifiers, particularly on Wikidata. This creates an integrated network of identifiers that could act as a brokerage system. Attendees agreed that no one identifier system should be recommended, however, some are more appropriate for particular circumstances. Some difficulties have still to be resolved to use those identifier schemes for biodiversity : 1) duplicate entries in the same identifier system; 2) handling collector teams and preserving the order of collectors; 3) how we integrate identifiers with standards such as Darwin Core, ABCD and in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility; and 4) many living and dead collectors are only known from their specimens and so they may not pass notability standards required by many authority systems. The participants of the workshop are now working on a number of fronts to make progress on the adoption of PIDs for people in collections. This includes extending pilots that have already been trialed, working with identifier systems to make them more suitable for specimen collectors and talking to service providers to encourage them to use ORCID iDs to identify their users. It was concluded that resolving the problem of person identifiers for collections is largely not a lack of a solution, but a need to implement solutions that already exist

People of Collections: Facilitators of Interoperability?

In March 2019, the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN) launched the datapoc.mnhn.fr project, funded by the French research infrastructures CollEX-Persée and E-recolnat. This proof of concept was imagined and is supported by a group of partners coming from different communities working at the Muséum (specimen collection curators, librarians, researchers, data scientists, publishers). The initial motivation of this team for getting together was to imagine a way to link the massive data produced and preserved in the heterogeneous institutional collection databases and repositories of the Muséum in order to improve global access and visibility for the benefit of end-users as well as data curation processes. After a year of sharing and deliberating, the group concluded that focusing on people’s names and identification, could be a promising way to explore interoperability and alignment solutions in order to match data hosted in the different systems. The project has thus two main goals: first, to improve biodiversity and taxonomic data quality for the qualification of personal identities, publications and scientific names by resolving frequent ambiguities and issues in people’s names assignment ; second, to develop and assess machine-driven linking strategies between specimen and authorship metadata and resources derived from various institutional datasilos of interest to the research community. In order to test this idea and to experiment innovative data computing and visualization technologies, all parties involved in the project agreed to develop a proof of concept focused on a dataset of 500 names of major MNHN naturalists from its foundation until nowadays. This proof of concept will consist in building a structured authority file for people's names, which could be shared by all services producing and using biodiversity data at MNHN, as well as reusable as open data by external stakeholders and international partners. This structured file will strengthen data and databases production and maintenance workflows, but could also help improving the quality of end-user experience by allowing individuals or machines to match, link or otherwise compute and analyse data that is still difficult to handle because of the diversity of IT applications and limited standardisation practises. It is key to the project that this structured file should somehow comply with international interoperability and semantic web standards so to facilitate global access and data exchanges with similar institutions around the world. Linked datasets and related resources derived from this work will be displayed on a public website designed for researchers as well as for the public via diverse applications and formats (API, RDF). The project will be run from April 2019 to April 2020 by the core team of partners who initiated it, with the support of a private IT and data computing service called Logilab. Some of the challenges of this project include finding an efficient way for building the structured file and then succeed in aligning and disambiguising names already present existing databases. A way to approach this issue is to confront and consolidate MNHN biodiversity datasets with external repositories by using people identifiers systems like ISNI, VIAF, IdREF, which are already familiar to libraries, archives and other cultural institutions. How can those various people identifiers systems be profitable to parse MNHN "people of collections" and help disambiguise them? Is there a particular people identifier system which will prove to be most relevant for all types of collections? Which parsing method will give the best results, and how could it scale up and possibly be reused by other institutions or even future European taxonomic infrastructures? Those are some of the questions the MNHN team is eager to deal with and to share and discuss at the Biodiversity Next Symposium

<i>Villa</i> d’époque romaine et habitat médiéval à Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe) : bilan des recherches 2008-2020

International audienceThe study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to the resumption of research into the nearest rural settlement from Roman times. This settlement, discovered in 1844, was only known through short accounts of the clearings carried out in the second half of the 19th century. This work had led to the discovery of a statuette of a male divinity and a masonry building with four rooms, one of which was equipped with a mosaic. Around fifty burials were unearthed in the rooms of the building, indicating that the premises had been reoccupied. The multi-year research program begun in 2008 has brought to light a villa of almost 2.4 ha founded in the second third of the 1st century AD. Surveys carried out on approximately two thirds of the buildings identified make it possible to account for the development and changes that the site underwent from its origin until it was definitively abandoned in the 10th century.L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du XIXe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du Ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du Xe s

Villa d’époque romaine et habitat médiéval à Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe)

L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du xixe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du xe s.The study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to a renewal of research into the nearest rural settlement dated to the Roman period and situated between the localities of Roullée and La Selle in the commune of Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe), about 35 km northwest of Le Mans. This settlement was excavated during the summer of 1844 and again in 1873. Knowledge of it was limited to brief accounts of these efforts carried out during the second half of the 19th century. This work led to the discovery of a male divinity statuette and a masonry building with four rooms, within one of which a mosaic was revealed. Approximately fifty burials installed within the levels of the building destroyed by fire indicate a funerary reoccupation of the site, attributed to the Later Roman Empire.Beginning in 2008 and spanning until 2020, a multi-year research programme on the Roullée/La Selle site has resulted in 10 excavation campaigns and 3 geophysical surveys. In total, 58 test trenches were excavated, spread over 3.7 ha, and corresponding to a cumulative area of just over 5,000 m². In addition, 7.4 ha were surveyed using a variety of methods (electrical resistance, magnetic and ground-penetrating radar). This allowed for the identification and understanding of evidence related to ancient occupations spanning an area of 4.5 ha. The remains or traces corresponding to the villa, however, are concentrated within approximately 2.4 ha. The excavations were therefore primarily carried out within the agricultural portion of the site and only represent a fifth of the total settlement area. The project is ongoing and this report presents a mere summary of the main results, some of which remain provisional at this time.During the Early Roman Empire, the Roullée/La Selle site belonged to the city of Aulerci Cenomani, but was located a short distance from the border of the neighbouring civitas, belonging to the Aulerci Diablites. This area thus represents a boundary zone, located more than 15 km from any known settlement and in an area devoid of evidence attesting to other archaeological occupations. The nearest contemporary rural settlements are located more than 6 km away. The villa would nevertheless have been located near the intersection of two roads, one linking Entrammes to Oisseau-le-Petit and the other, Neuvy-en-Champagne to Jublains. The ancient buildings are located at the mouth of a valley that cuts into the northern flank of the Coëvrons syncline, the last eastern foothill of the Armorican Massif, currently covered by the Sillé-le-Guillaume national forest. The thalweg provides access to this massif, the highest points of which loom above the surrounding plateau by more than 120 m. Thus, this zone would have allowed for easy access to the Roman iron ore workshops located in the forest, the closest of which, the Saut du Cerf, is situated less than 1.2 km south of the villa.The ancient rural settlement was founded around AD 30-40, on a plot of land ostensibly untouched by any prior activity. It was composed of three parts: to the south-east a residential building was installed on the highest point, and to the north-east-south-west, two wings of annexes face the valley below. To date, no enclosure device has been identified, but the existence of an installation leaving little or no trace in the ground (such as embankments or hedges) cannot be precluded. Though still very rarely attested to for the western tip of Gallia Lugdunensis, the longitudinal axial plan is characteristic of the villae, but presents in this case the particularity of being installed at the bottom of a valley and not within the plain.The buildings attested to for the first phase have stone foundations (flashings or low walls), but their elevations were most likely made of earth and wood. The initial layout was modified before the end of the 1st century, probably between AD 70 and 90. The two buildings in the western wing were enlarged, a forge was built between the eastern annexes, and the residential area was walled in. The most significant changes, however, occurred between AD 120 and 160. Based on observations of the pars urbana’s western pavilion and using data from the geophysical surveys, it is possible to suppose that the residence buildings were in turn destroyed and then rebuilt in solid form and provided with robust masonry walls, cement floors, painted plasterwork, stucco and at least one mosaic. The stream running through the villa, whose original course is unknown, was then diverted to create a pleasure canal running along the south-western portion of the residential enclosure. Following these endeavors, the eastern wing of the courtyard was demolished and the annexes were moved to the northeast, perhaps to clear the view of the new pars urbana’s northern façade. Two of these buildings were equipped with hydraulic installations: a forge and a possible mill. These facilities presuppose the existence of at least one other diversion from the river or one of its springs. The western buildings were also further extended during this period.Several radiocarbon dates performed on oak charcoal from domestic and artisanal fireplaces belonging to the second phase of the eastern wing of the commons’ courtyard suggest the use of wood felled during the Middle and Late La Tène periods for fuel. These ancient timbers may have come from the dismantling of the annexes belonging to the original manifestation of the villa. This hypothesis implies the reuse, at the time of the settlement foundation, of timbers that were already 100 to 300 years old. This reuse may be related to the opportunistic recovery of a nearby protohistoric occupation or to the transfer of a pre-existing farm. These dates therefore raise questions about the origin of the estate’s establishment and development.Although it is not always possible to reconstruct the exact chronology of the transformations, the development of a monumental dimension to the residence likely continued until the end of the 2nd century. It was mainly expressed through the extension of the pars urbana’s northern pavilions, which were also linked by a gallery measuring over 70 m long.In the agricultural courtyard, the annexes identified are related to cereal farming, with two barns and two possible mills (originally animal-drawn, and subsequently hydraulic). However, the most significant production is iron metallurgy. Two successive workshops attest to forging activity on the site between the year 70 and the second half of the 2nd century. More than 400 kg of waste indicate a sustained production, echoing the ironworks of several thousand cubic metres identified in the nearby forest.This phase of development was followed by a more slow-moving period. Signs of abandonment, or at least a lack of maintenance, of the residence are perceptible from the end of the 3rd century, as implied by the filling in of the pleasure canal. Perhaps because of the lack of a guide fossil, it is difficult to establish the precise nature of the occupation during the 4th century. Coins from the 280s, including some official mints, as well as a nummus of Constantine II, indicate money circulation on the site until the early 4th century. In addition, seeds found in a pit within one of the annexes have been radiocarbon dated to the 3rd-4th century. Thus, it appears likely that there was a continuation of cereal production during this period. The absence of ceramics characteristic of the Late Roman period, derived from Early Christian Atlantic group or Argonne terra sigillata, is noteworthy, though the absence might simply be related to the very partial excavation of the residence.Even if it is difficult to situate the event with chronological precision, it is likely that the destruction of the pars urbana occurred before the 5th century. Indeed, at this time the first burials were installed within the ruins of the northern pavilions. Primarily observed during the 19th century, this necropolis accommodated anywhere between several dozen and several hundred individuals between the 5th and 8th centuries. A round fibula and a back plate from a belt buckle, both discovered out of context, point to the presence of burials within which the deceased would have been dressed.Concurrent with this funerary reoccupation was a change of function for the ancient agricultural annexes. Several hundred shards of culinary ceramics testify to the presence of a population living within the buildings belonging to the former agricultural courtyard. The exact dating of these items is still uncertain, but a bulk of the remains may indicate an attribution around the 6th century.It is not possible to firmly establish the continuity of occupation between the Roman and early medieval periods. However, the maintenance of earthen and wooden buildings for nearly eight centuries suggests that, if there was a hiatus, it was short-lived.The medieval settlement appears to have declined before the year 1000. The final elements attesting to site use are a few 10th-11th century shards recovered within the pavilion during the 19th century excavations, as well as 11th century mule shoes found on a path leading to the early medieval necropolis. The later remains can be linked to the spreading of manure on land plots destined for cultivation from the 14th century onwards. The farms of Roullée and La Selle were not established until the late 18th century

<i>Villa</i> d’époque romaine et habitat médiéval à Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe) : bilan des recherches 2008-2020

International audienceThe study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to the resumption of research into the nearest rural settlement from Roman times. This settlement, discovered in 1844, was only known through short accounts of the clearings carried out in the second half of the 19th century. This work had led to the discovery of a statuette of a male divinity and a masonry building with four rooms, one of which was equipped with a mosaic. Around fifty burials were unearthed in the rooms of the building, indicating that the premises had been reoccupied. The multi-year research program begun in 2008 has brought to light a villa of almost 2.4 ha founded in the second third of the 1st century AD. Surveys carried out on approximately two thirds of the buildings identified make it possible to account for the development and changes that the site underwent from its origin until it was definitively abandoned in the 10th century.L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du XIXe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du Ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du Xe s

<i>Villa</i> d’époque romaine et habitat médiéval à Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe) : bilan des recherches 2008-2020

International audienceThe study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to the resumption of research into the nearest rural settlement from Roman times. This settlement, discovered in 1844, was only known through short accounts of the clearings carried out in the second half of the 19th century. This work had led to the discovery of a statuette of a male divinity and a masonry building with four rooms, one of which was equipped with a mosaic. Around fifty burials were unearthed in the rooms of the building, indicating that the premises had been reoccupied. The multi-year research program begun in 2008 has brought to light a villa of almost 2.4 ha founded in the second third of the 1st century AD. Surveys carried out on approximately two thirds of the buildings identified make it possible to account for the development and changes that the site underwent from its origin until it was definitively abandoned in the 10th century.L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du XIXe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du Ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du Xe s

<i>Villa</i> d’époque romaine et habitat médiéval à Mont-Saint-Jean (Sarthe) : bilan des recherches 2008-2020

International audienceThe study of an ancient iron and steel production area located in the eastern part of the Sillé-le-Guillaume state forest (Sarthe) led to the resumption of research into the nearest rural settlement from Roman times. This settlement, discovered in 1844, was only known through short accounts of the clearings carried out in the second half of the 19th century. This work had led to the discovery of a statuette of a male divinity and a masonry building with four rooms, one of which was equipped with a mosaic. Around fifty burials were unearthed in the rooms of the building, indicating that the premises had been reoccupied. The multi-year research program begun in 2008 has brought to light a villa of almost 2.4 ha founded in the second third of the 1st century AD. Surveys carried out on approximately two thirds of the buildings identified make it possible to account for the development and changes that the site underwent from its origin until it was definitively abandoned in the 10th century.L’étude d’une zone de production sidérurgique antique située dans la partie orientale de la forêt domaniale de Sillé-le-Guillaume (Sarthe) a amené à reprendre les recherches sur l’établissement rural d’époque romaine le plus proche. Celui-ci, découvert en 1844, n’était connu que par de courts comptes-rendus des dégagements effectués dans la seconde moitié du XIXe s. Ces travaux avaient mis au jour une statuette de divinité masculine et un bâtiment maçonné comptant quatre pièces dont une pourvue d’une mosaïque. Une cinquantaine d’inhumations découvertes dans les pièces de l’édifice indiquait une réoccupation funéraire des lieux durant le haut Moyen Âge. Le programme de recherche pluriannuel entamé en 2008 a permis de reconnaître une villa de près de 2,4 ha fondée dans le deuxième tiers du Ier s. apr. J.-C. Les sondages menés sur environ les deux tiers des constructions repérées rendent compte du développement et des mutations qu’a connu le site de son origine jusqu’à son abandon définitif dans le courant du Xe s

Progress in Authority Management of People Names for Collections

The concept of building a network of relationships between entities, a knowledge graph, is one of the most effective methods to understand the relations between data. By organizing data, we facilitate the discovery of complex patterns not otherwise evident in the raw data. Each datum at the nodes of a knowledge graph needs a persistent identifier (PID) to reference it unambiguously. In the biodiversity knowledge graph, people are key elements (Page 2016). They collect and identify specimens, they publish, observe, work with each other and they name organisms. Yet biodiversity informatics has been slow to adopt PIDs for people and people are currently represented in collection management systems as text strings in various formats. These text strings often do not separate individuals within a collecting team and little biographical information is collected to disambiguate collectors. In March 2019 we organised an international workshop to find solutions to the problem of PIDs for people in collections with the aim of identifying people unambiguously across the world's natural history collections in all of their various roles. Stakeholders were represented from 11 countries, representing libraries, collections, publishers, developers and name registers. We want to identify people for many reasons. Cross-validation of information about a specimen with biographical information on the specimen can be used to clean data. Mapping specimens from individual collectors across multiple herbaria can geolocate specimens accurately. By linking literature to specimens through their authors and collectors we can create collaboration networks leading to a much better understanding of the scientific contribution of collectors and their institutions. For taxonomists, it will be easier to identify nomenclatural type and syntype material, essential for reliable typification. Overall, it will mean that geographically dispersed specimens can be treated much more like a single distributed infrastructure of specimens as is envisaged in the European Distributed Systems of Scientific Collections Infrastructure (DiSSCo). There are several person identifier systems in use. For example, the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is a widely used system for published authors. The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI), has broader scope and incorporates VIAF. The ORCID identifier system provides self-registration of living researchers. Also, Wikidata has identifiers of people, which have the advantage of being easy to add to and correct. There are also national systems, such as the French and German authority files, and considerable sharing of identifiers, particularly on Wikidata. This creates an integrated network of identifiers that could act as a brokerage system. Attendees agreed that no one identifier system should be recommended, however, some are more appropriate for particular circumstances. Some difficulties have still to be resolved to use those identifier schemes for biodiversity : 1) duplicate entries in the same identifier system; 2) handling collector teams and preserving the order of collectors; 3) how we integrate identifiers with standards such as Darwin Core, ABCD and in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility; and 4) many living and dead collectors are only known from their specimens and so they may not pass notability standards required by many authority systems. The participants of the workshop are now working on a number of fronts to make progress on the adoption of PIDs for people in collections. This includes extending pilots that have already been trialed, working with identifier systems to make them more suitable for specimen collectors and talking to service providers to encourage them to use ORCID iDs to identify their users. It was concluded that resolving the problem of person identifiers for collections is largely not a lack of a solution, but a need to implement solutions that already exist

Recherche culturelle et sciences participatives PARTICIP-ARC

Suite à l’appel à manifestation d’intérêt lancé en 2017 par le ministère de la Culture, une trentaine de chercheurs et de professionnels du secteur culturel se sont réunis régulièrement pendant dix-huit mois pour partager leurs expériences et leurs réflexions sur la thématique « Recherche culturelle et sciences participatives ». Cet atelier, intitulé Particip-Arc, a été piloté par le Muséum national d’histoire naturelle

Recherche culturelle et sciences participatives PARTICIP-ARC

Suite à l’appel à manifestation d’intérêt lancé en 2017 par le ministère de la Culture, une trentaine de chercheurs et de professionnels du secteur culturel se sont réunis régulièrement pendant dix-huit mois pour partager leurs expériences et leurs réflexions sur la thématique « Recherche culturelle et sciences participatives ». Cet atelier, intitulé Particip-Arc, a été piloté par le Muséum national d’histoire naturelle