A comparison study between the binocular cross cylinder test at near and the Hodgens nearpoint red-green test

The purpose of this project is to compare the responses of the Hodgens Near Point Red-Green Test with the responses to the binocular fused cross cylinder test at near, and secondly to determine if the Hodgens Near Point Red-Green Test is acceptable as a substitute for the already accepted binocular fused cross cylinder test at near

The Auld Enemy? Exploring the England vs. Scotland rivalry from the perspective of soccer fans

A longstanding and persistent rivalry is said to exist between England and Scotland in the context of international soccer. In this essay we seek to test common media representations emphasising division against the opinions of English and Scottish soccer fans themselves. The complexity of English views towards Scottish people both inside and outside of soccer is explored using examples from an online participant observation study with English fans. Moreover, the extent to which anti-English sentiment constitutes an element of Scottish national identity in soccer and society more broadly is also explored using examples from semi-structured interviews with Scottish fans on the topic of the rivalry between the two nations. We argue that via representations in the media soccer has both provided the context for reinforcing broader divisions between these neighbouring nations as well as creating specific memories in the minds of soccer fans that enhance divisive feelings amongst some English and Scottish fans. However, we also note the extent to which the stereotype of division is perpetuated by the media and how this is sometimes at odds with the views of both Scottish and English fans alike. We conclude that so long as the media perpetuate division between the two nations in a simplistic manner the reality of the complex and evolving relationship between Scottish and English fans will remain unclear and misunderstood

Accounting and accountability in the Anthropocene

This research received funding from the Walton Family Foundation (2017-693, 2018-1371), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (2017-66205, 2019-68336), and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5668.01).Purpose: This paper aims to interrogate the nature and relevance of debates around the existence of, and ramifications arising from, the Anthropocene for accounting scholarship. Design/methodology/approach: The paper’s aim is achieved through an in-depth analysis of the Anthropocene, paying attention to cross disciplinary contributions, interpretations and contestations. Some points of connection between the Anthropocene and accounting scholarship are then proposed and illuminated through a case study drawn from the seafood sector. Findings: This paper develops findings in two areas. First, there are suggestions about how accounting scholarship might be further developed by the provocation that thinking about the Anthropocene provides. Second, we suggest new accounting research findings, through engagement with the case study, and propose that the concept of stewardship may re-emerge in discussions about accountability in the Anthropocene. Research limitations/implications: The paper argues that accounting scholarship focused on social, environmental and sustainability concerns may be further developed by engagement with Anthropocene debates. Practical implications: While accounting practice might have to change to deal with Anthropocene induces effects, this paper focuses on implications for accounting scholarship. Social implications: Human wellbeing is likely to be impacted should environmental impacts accelerate. In addition, an Anthropocene framing alters the understanding of nature-human interactions and how this affects accounting thought. Originality/value: This is the first paper in accounting to seek to establish connections between accounting, accountability and the Anthropocene.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Political values and extra-institutional political participation: The impact of economic redistributive and social libertarian preferences on protest behaviour

Previous studies have found that left-wing and libertarian individuals are more likely to engage in extra-institutional political activism. However, due to a lack of suitable data, studies to date have not analysed the relative influence of economic redistributive and social libertarian values for the intensity of protest participation. By analysing data from a unique cross-national dataset on participants in mass demonstrations in seven countries, this article addresses this gap in the literature and provides evidence of the relative impact of economic redistributive and social libertarian values in explaining different degrees of protest participation. We show that there are divergent logics underpinning the effect of the two value sets on extra-institutional participation. While both economically redistributive and libertarian social values support extra-institutional participation, economically redistributive protesters are mobilized to political action mainly through organizations, whereas the extra-institutional participation of social libertarian protesters is underpinned by their dissatisfaction with the workings of democracy

The Three Rs: The Way Forward

This is the report of the eleventh of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), which was established in 1991 by the European Commission. ECVAM\u27s main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation. and the potential for the possible incorporation of replacement alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward

Correction to: HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition protects skeletal muscle from eccentric contraction induced injury

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors flagged that there is a discrepancy with the Availability of data and materials statement on page 12 of the article

HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition protects skeletal muscle from eccentric contraction-induced injury

BACKGROUND: In muscular dystrophy and old age, skeletal muscle repair is compromised leading to fibrosis and fatty tissue accumulation. Therefore, therapies that protect skeletal muscle or enhance repair would be valuable medical treatments. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate gene transcription under conditions of low oxygen, and HIF target genes EPO and VEGF have been associated with muscle protection and repair. We tested the importance of HIF activation following skeletal muscle injury, in both a murine model and human volunteers, using prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors that stabilize and activate HIF. METHODS: Using a mouse eccentric limb injury model, we characterized the protective effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, GSK1120360A. We then extended these studies to examine the impact of EPO modulation and infiltrating immune cell populations on muscle protection. Finally, we extended this study with an experimental medicine approach using eccentric arm exercise in untrained volunteers to measure the muscle-protective effects of a clinical prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, daprodustat. RESULTS: GSK1120360A dramatically prevented functional deficits and histological damage, while accelerating recovery after eccentric limb injury in mice. Surprisingly, this effect was independent of EPO, but required myeloid HIF1α-mediated iNOS activity. Treatment of healthy human volunteers with high-dose daprodustat reduced accumulation of circulating damage markers following eccentric arm exercise, although we did not observe any diminution of functional deficits with compound treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of these experiments highlight a novel skeletal muscle protective effect of prolyl hydroxylase inhibition via HIF-mediated expression of iNOS in macrophages. Partial recapitulation of these findings in healthy volunteers suggests elements of consistent pharmacology compared to responses in mice although there are clear differences between these two systems

Role of nitrogen lewis basicity in boronate affinity chromatography of nucleosides. Anal

Urinary modified nucleosides have a potential role as cancer biomarkers, and most of the methods used in their study have utilized low-pressure phenylboronate affinity chromatography materials for the purification of the cisdiol-containing nucleosides. In this study, a boronate HPLC column was surprisingly shown not to trap the nucleosides as would be expected from experience with the classic Affigel 601 resin but showed only partial selectivity toward cis-diol groups while other groups exhibited better retention. In aprotic conditions, trapping of nucleosides was possible; however, the selectivity toward cis-diol-containing compounds was lost with the Lewis basicity of available nitrogens being the main determinant of retention. The experimental findings are compared to and confirmed by DFT calculations. Modified nucleosides are naturally occurring modifications of the "normal" nucleosides. They have various roles within many nucleic acids but are mainly found in transfer RNA. They are excreted from the body via the urine as they cannot be salvaged; moreover, some are toxic when allowed to accumulate. Many past reports have investigated the modified nucleosides as potential cancer biomarkers and indicate considerable promise. [1][2][3][4][5] The methodologies used in these studies are wide ranging; however, since the introduction of boronate affinity chromatography as a ribonucleoside-selective cleanup step, on Affi-Gel 601 (Bio-Rad), utilized by Gehrke et al., 1,2 most research employed this off-line cleanup step process in the analysis. The subsequent identification/quantification of the ribonucleosides was almost exclusively carried out via RPLC-UV methods. More recently, some CE-UV methods have also been developed. [6][7][8][9] The further potential/ demand to obtain unambiguous identification via mass spectrometric detection led to the development of some off-line boronate chromatography GC/MS procedures. 3,5,10 However, the most natural choice for the analysis of the prepurified urinary nucleosides analysis is found in LC-MS. 11 Yet, the development of LC-MS procedures for urinary nucleosides only advanced 12 when electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) became available. Past studies by our group have considered the cleanup samples prior to ESI-MS analysis, 13 the optimization of the detection conditions, 14 comparison of various mass spectrometric methods, 15 and identification of the excreted nucleosides. 16,17 Other groups have taken advantage of mass spectrometry in the study of these compounds