An investigation of deontic principle in aristotelian roots. Lurid logic in the preamble of XXI century

Una parte importante de esta investigación presenta el estatus especial del razonamiento lógico en el comienzo del siglo xxi. Explica un posible papel de la lógica en el lenguaje del derecho como justicia. Establece una serie de reglas metodológicas que deben tomar en cuenta como criterio suficiente el implícito en los silogismos aristotélicos, en especial, desde la aplicación de la polivalencia lógica. En contrario, el estudio de las semánticas sociales propias de la comunidad convencional (Habermas, Strauss), pueden servirnos para comprender una forma artificial y arbitraria de la toma de decisiones jurídicas.An important part of this research has the special status of logical reasoning in the beginning of the 21st century. It explains a possible role of logic in the language of law as justice. It establishes a number of methodological rules to be taken into account as a sufficient criterion implied in the Aristotelian syllogism, especially since the implementation of polyvalence logic. In contrast, the study of the social semantics characteristic of the conventional community (Habermas, Strauss), can help us to understand a form of artificial and arbitrary legal decisions making

Comportamiento hidráulico de un sistema humedal-construido/tanque-rRegulador para aprovechamiento de aguas lluvias en el campus de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana sede Bogotá

El aprovechamiento de aguas lluvias es un concepto que en los últimos años ha incrementado su popularidad, no solo por la rentabilidad económica que estas técnicas brindan a los usuarios, sino por la concientización masiva naciente en el planeta sobre la conservación de los recursos hídricos (C A Booth et al. 2003), por lo cual, es importante comprender que el agua captada tiene múltiples usos y beneficios enfocados a la conservación del medio ambiente y al mejoramiento de la salud pública, ayudando a la rehabilitación de suelos, paisajismo y como fuente alternativa de agua potable. Este articulo presenta una descripción del comportamiento hidráulico de un sistema Humedal-Construido/Tanque-Regulador utilizado como componente del sistema de aprovechamiento de aguas lluvias de la PUJB, en el cual se buscó hacer la caracterización del funcionamiento hidráulico del sistema antes mencionado durante un evento de lluvia, lo que permitió realizar la verificación de principios de diseño hidrológico e hidráulico del sistema a la luz de los resultados medidos en campo, empleando como variable de calibración los coeficientes de escorrentía y de descarga para generar un modelo lluvia-escorrentía teórico, con el cual fue posible hacer una comparación y una optimización del mismo. Los resultados sugieren que las variaciones del método de calibración no influyen en los resultados obtenidos, pero permiten ver la importancia de la calibración del modelo planteado para futuros estudios.In the last years a new attitude towards the rainwater usage is becoming more frequently, not only for the economic benefits this technique brings to the users but the new growing mass awareness about the conservation of water resources (C A Booth et al. 2003), whereby, is important to understand that the collected waters have different kind of uses and benefits all of them focused to the environmental conservation and the improvement of public health, helping the soil improvement, landscaping and as an alternative source of potable water. This paper describes the hydraulic behavior of a Contructed- wetland/Reservoir- tank used as a component of the rainwater collection system from PUJB during a raining event, allowing verification of hydrologic and hydraulic principles of this system in accordance with the gotten field results, using as calibration variable, all the runoff and discharge coefficients in order to create a rain-runoff theorist model, with these results a comparison and optimization of this model was made. The results, suggest that the variations of the calibration method do not affect the gotten results. Also, it let us understand how important is the calibration of the working model for the next researches.Ingeniero (a) CivilPregrad

Biodegradation of choline NTF2 by Pantoea agglomerans in different osmolarity. Characterization and environmental implications of the produced exopolysaccharide

A specific microorganism, Pantoea agglomerans uam8, was isolated from the ionic liquid (IL) Choline NTF2 and identified by molecular biology. A biodegradation study was performed at osmolarity conditions (0.2, 0.6, 1.0 M). These had an important influence on the growth of the strain, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and biodegradation (1303 mg/L max production and 80% biodegradation at 0.6 M). These conditions also had an important influence on the morphology of the strain and its EPSs, but not in the chemical composition. The EPS (glucose, mannose and galactose (6:0.5:2)) produced at 0.6 M was further characterized using different techniques. The obtained EPSs presented important differences in the behavior of the emulsifying activity for vegetable oils (olive (86%), sunflower (56%) and coconut (90%)) and hydrocarbons (diesel (62%), hexane (60%)), and were compared with commercial emulsifiers. The EPS produced at 0.6 M had the highest emulsifying activity overall. This EPS did not show cytotoxicity against the tested cell line (<20%) and presented great advantages as an antioxidant (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) (85%), hydroxyl radical (OH) (99%), superoxide anion (O2−) (94%), chelator (54%), and antimicrobial product (15 mm). The osmolarity conditions directly affected the capacity of the strain to biodegrade IL and the subsequently produced EPS. Furthermore, the EPS produced at 0.6 M has potential for environmental applications, such as the removal of hazardous materials by emulsification, whilst resulting in positive health effects such as antioxidant activity and non-toxicityThis research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for financial support (project PID2022-136607NB-I00) and FUAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (project number 820053

Diseño, cálculo, fabricación y marcado CE de vehículo cisterna destinado al transporte de propano por carretera

El objeto del siguiente proyecto engloba el diseño, cálculo, fabricación y evaluación de la conformidad (marcado CE) de un vehículo cisterna destinado al transporte primario por carretera de “Mezcla de Hidrocarburos Gaseosos Licuados”, comúnmente conocido como PROPANO COMERCIAL. Este producto está catalogado como MMPP de clase 2 (Gas) y corresponde con el código ONU 1965. El diseño ha de cumplir con todas las exigencias del ADR 2015 (Acuerdo Europeo sobre el transporte internacional de cargas peligrosas por vía terrestre) y en el caso de no estar especificado dicho reglamento se empleará la normativa UNE-EN y RD, de forma que se garantice el marcado CE. El alcance del proyecto engloba a todos los elementos que componen el vehículo cisterna portátil, así como el depósito, elementos estructurales, remolque-vehículo, equipos de servicio, uniones/soldaduras, elementos de seguridad, accesorios, etc… Todos estos elementos deben cumplir las exigencias que impone la normativa vigente y serán válidos para todos los países miembros del espacio Europeo.Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería IndustrialUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagen

Potential applications of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus xiamenensis RT6 isolated from an acidic environment

The Bacillus xiamenensis RT6 strain was isolated and identified by morphological, biochemical and molecular tests from an extreme acidic environment, Rio Tinto (Huelva). Optimisation tests for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in different culture media determined that the best medium was a minimal medium with glucose as the only carbon source. The exopolymer (EPSt) produced by the strain was isolated and characterised using different techniques (GC-MS, HPLC/MSMS, ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC). The molecular weight of EPSt was estimated. The results showed that the average molecular weight of EPSt was approximately 2.71 × 104 Da and was made up of a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose (60%), mannose (20%) and galactose (20%). The EPSt showed antioxidant capabilities that significantly improved cell viability. Metal chelation determined that EPSt could reduce the concentration of transition metals such as iron at the highest concentrations tested. Finally, the emulsification study showed that EPSt was able to emulsify different natural polysaccharide oils, reaching up to an 80% efficiency (olive and sesame oil), and was a good candidate for the substitution of the most polluting emulsifiers. The EPSt was found to be suitable for pharmaceutical and industrial application

Production and characterisation of an exopolysaccharide by bacillus amyloliquefaciens: biotechnological applications

The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RT7 strain was isolated from an extreme acidic environment and identified. The biodegradation capabilities of the strain using different carbon sources (glucose, oleic acid, Tween 80, PEG 200, and the combination of glucose–Tween 80) were evaluated via an indirect impedance technique. The glucose–Tween 80 combination was further studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The exopolysaccharide (EPSRT7) that had been produced with the strain when biodegrading glucose–Tween 80 was isolated and characterised using different techniques (GC–MS, HPLC/MSMS, ATR–FTIR, TGA, and DSC), and its molecular weight was estimated. The results show that the average molecular weight of EPSRT7 was approximately 7.0794 × 104 Da and a heteropolysaccharide composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, and xylose (molar ratio, 1:0.5:0.1:0.1) with good thermostability. EPSRT7 showed good emulsifying activity against different natural oils and hydrocarbons at high concentrations (2 mg/mL) and at the studied pH range (3.1–7.2). It also presented good emulsifying activity compared to that of commercial emulsifiers. Lastly, EPSRT7 showed antioxidant capacity for different free radicals, a lack of cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity at the cellular level. EPSRT7 has promising applications in bioremediation processes and other industrial applicationsThis research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for financial support (project PID2019-104812GB-I00) and FUAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (project no. 820053

Estudio de mutantes resistentes a los antiretrovirales en pacientes con VIH con falla terapeutica y efecto de los factores de riesgo en el tratamiento

INTRODUCTION: Information about HIV phenotypes of resistant to available ART and the influence of different risk factors on virological failures (VF) in Costa Rican HIV positive patients prior or during HAART is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty nine samples, 72 VF and 17 basal (before treatment) were analyzed by examining resistant mutants in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PT) regions using Trugene or LIPA genotyping kits. Sixty eight control patients were selected and relevant information was collected in a questionnaire. RESULTS: Poor adherence, presence of resistant mutations and number of treatment's changes were the only significant factors found (p = 0.006, 0.04 and 0.01 respectively). From 66 sequenced samples, 78%, 50% and 50% showed resistance to NRTI (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NNRT (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and PI (protease inhibitors), respectively. The most frequent mutations were M41L, M184V, and T215FY in RT and L62PI, L10FIRV and M36I in PT. DISCUSSION: The most important factor related to treatment response in this study was adherence to treatment. Mutations in RT were related to the treatment failure while the ones found in PT were secondary mutations which have been previously described to influence the selection of primary resistance mutations in these regions. The study reveals the urgency to detect resistant mutations in VF to be considered by physicians for selection of treatment schedule, to analyze basal HIV patients for monitoring of the spread of resistant mutations and the importance to reinforce the adherence in the patients for overall treatment outcome.En Costa Rica no se tiene información a cerca de genotipos de resistencia para los tratamientos anti-retrovirales disponibles y la influencia de diferentes factores de riego en la falla virológica (FV) de pacientes VIH positivos previo o durante su tratamiento. Ochenta y nueve muestras, 72 FV y 17 basales, fueron analizadas con Trugene o LIPA para la detección de mutantes de resistencia en la transcriptasa reversa (TR) y en la proteasa (PT) del VIH. Se seleccionaron sesenta y ocho controles y se recolectó información relevante en un cuestionario. La mala adherencia, la presencia de mutaciones y el número de cambios de tratamiento fueron los únicos factores con significancia encontrados. (p = 0.03, 0.04 and 0.04 respectively). De 66 muestras secuenciadas, 78%, 50% y 50% mostraron resistencia a los inhibidores análogos y no análogos de nucleótidos para la TR y la PT respectivamente. La mutaciones más frecuentes fueron M41L, M184V, y T215FY en la TR y L62PI, L10FIRV y M36I en la PT. La adherencia fue el factor más importante relacionado con la respuesta al tratamiento. Las mutaciones encontradas en la TR estaban relacionadas al tratamiento mientras que las de la PT fueron mutaciones secundarias que propician la aparición de las mutaciones asociadas a resistencia en esa región. Este estudio revela la necesidad de detectar mutantes de resistencia en pacientes con FV y de estudiar las muestras basales. Además la importancia de reforzar la adherencia en los pacientes para una mejor respuesta al tratamiento

HBx M130K and V131I (T-A) mutations in HBV genotype F during a follow-up study in chronic carriers

BACKGROUND: Around 400 million people worldwide are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV). An estimated 10% of these chronic patients develop progressive liver damage including cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). The HBx gene encodes a protein of 154 amino acids which is a transactivator and has been associated with HBV pathogenesis. A change in the amino acid sequences at positions 130 and 131 in the HBV-X protein (M130K and V131I) produced by T-A point mutations at the nucleic acids level has been associated with severe liver damage and HCC in patients from China and Africa. Further, such changes have been proposed as a prognostic marker for progressive liver damage and HCC. The purpose of this study was to determine if T-A mutations are present in HBV chronic carriers with genotype F (the major genotype in Costa Rica) and further, if these mutations are associated with HBV disease progression in Costa Rica HBV patients from 1972 to 1985. RESULTS: Serum samples from 50 HBV positive individuals were amplified and directly sequenced, 48 belonged to genotype F, 1 from genotype D and another was classified as D or E. T-;A mutations were absent in 17 acute patients who recovered, but was present in 12 of 29 chronic carrier samples (42.8%), in one sample the T-A mutations were detected as early as 29 days after clinical onset of disease. In 17 carriers with available liver biopsies, T-;A mutations were found in 8 sera of 13 (61.5%) classified as moderate or severe, and none in 4 biopsies with mild liver damage. However, it was not possible to demonstrate a statistical association between the presence of T-A mutations and moderate/severe liver damage, using a Fischer exact test, 1 tail, p = 0.05. In 4 patients HCC was diagnosed, and 2 of them presented the T-A mutations in their sera. CONCLUSION: T-A mutations were found in HBV genotype F in chronic carriers but not in patients who recovered from acute infection. These mutations could be developing early during infection although the possibility of infection with the mutant virus could not be excluded. More studies are necessary to establish if the T-A mutation can be used as a prognostic marker for severity of liver disease in patients infected with HBV