Twenty years of stereotype threat research: A review of psychological mediators

This systematic literature review appraises critically the mediating variables of stereotype threat. A bibliographic search was conducted across electronic databases between 1995 and 2015. The search identified 45 experiments from 38 articles and 17 unique proposed mediators that were categorized into affective/subjective (n = 6), cognitive (n = 7) and motivational mechanisms (n = 4). Empirical support was accrued for mediators such as anxiety, negative thinking, and mind-wandering, which are suggested to co-opt working memory resources under stereotype threat. Other research points to the assertion that stereotype threatened individuals may be motivated to disconfirm negative stereotypes, which can have a paradoxical effect of hampering performance. However, stereotype threat appears to affect diverse social groups in different ways, with no one mediator providing unequivocal empirical support. Underpinned by the multi-threat framework, the discussion postulates that different forms of stereotype threat may be mediated by distinct mechanisms

Trials

BACKGROUND: Postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistula (PUGIF) is a devastating complication, leading to high mortality (reaching up to 80%), increased length of hospital stay, reduced health-related quality of life and increased health costs. Nutritional support is a key component of therapy in such cases, which is related to the high prevalence of malnutrition. In the prophylactic setting, enteral nutrition (EN) is associated with a shorter hospital stay, a lower incidence of severe infectious complications, lower severity of complications and decreased cost compared to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) following major upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. There is little evidence available for the curative setting after fistula occurrence. We hypothesize that EN increases the 30-day fistula closure rate in PUGIF, allowing better health-related quality of life without increasing the morbidity or mortality. METHODS/DESIGN: The NUTRILEAK trial is a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, open-label phase III trial to assess the efficacy of EN (the experimental group) compared with TPN (the control group) in patients with PUGIF. The primary objective of the study is to compare EN versus TPN in the treatment of PUGIF (after esophagogastric resection including bariatric surgery, duodenojejunal resection or pancreatic resection with digestive tract violation) in terms of the 30-day fistula closure rate. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the 6-month postrandomization fistula closure rate, time of first fistula closure (in days), the medical- and surgical treatment-related complication rate at 6 months after randomization, the fistula-related complication rate at 6 months after randomization, the type and severity of early (30 days after randomization) and late fistula-related complications (over 30 days after randomization), 30-day and 6-month postrandomization mortality rate, nutritional status at day 30, day 60, day 90 and day 180 postrandomization, the mean length of hospital stay, the patient's health-related quality of life (by self-assessment questionnaire), oral feeding time and direct costs of treatment. A total of 321 patients will be enrolled. DISCUSSION: The two nutritional supports are already used in daily practice, but most surgeons are reluctant to use the enteral route in case of PUGIF. This study will be the first randomized trial testing the role of EN versus TPN in PUGIF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03742752. Registered on 14 November 2018.This research program is funded by the French Ministry of Health through Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2016

Application de la méthode des moyennes au calcul de l'intensité des raies Raman

We calculate Raman line intensities, using the method of averaging of N. Bogolioubov, introduced in quantum mechanics by G. Lochak. After a short study of this method, we make the calculations using the correspondence principle for the two cases that are usually considered experimentally : the ordinary Raman effect and the resonance Raman effect.On calcule l'intensité des raies Raman en utilisant la méthode des moyennes de N. Bogolioubov introduite en mécanique quantique par G. Lochak. Après un bref exposé de cette méthode, on effectue le calcul au moyen du principe de correspondance dans les deux cas expérimentaux que l'on distingue habituellement : effet Raman ordinaire et effet Raman de résonance

Le calcul de la probabilité de diffusion Raman par le formalisme de la résolvante. Etude de la largeur naturelle des raies

We calculate the Raman scattering probability using the formalism of the resolvent operator. This method shows the natural breadth of the Raman lines, result which does not appear in the expression given by G. Placzek. The different approximations used show the breadth of the initial and final states of the molecule and the breadth due to the optical excitation. On the other hand, the introduction of the Feynman's diagrams allows us to visualize the Raman scattering phenomena.On calcule la probabilité de diffusion Raman en utilisant le formalisme de la résolvante. Cette méthode met en évidence le profil naturel des raies, résultat qui n'apparaît pas dans l'expression donnée par G. Placzek. Les différentes approximations utilisées mettent en évidence la largeur naturelle de l'état initial et de l'état final de la molécule ainsi que la largeur due à l'excitation optique. D'autre part, l'introduction des diagrammes de Feynman permet de bien visualiser le phénomène de diffusion Raman

Raman studies of platinum‐nucleoside complexes

The laser Raman spectra of a new series of platinum‐nucleoside complexes have been studied in solution at physiological pH values and in the solid state as powders. A qualitative analysis of certain vibrational modes responsible for various spectral lines is given. The carbonyl stretching frequency of guanosine and inosine is only slightly perturbed in the solid state whereas it is not affected at all upon coordination of the metal in water solutions. It is suggested that the binding of the free bases takes place at the Pt‐N7 site in all these complexes. Copyright © 1976 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Exploring the black box of French community supervision

This article explores how probation officers (POs) in France employ evidence-based practice in the real world. Using 78 audio tapes of 11 POs and 33 offenders in 2 probations services, we assessed PO skills with an adapted version of the Jersey Checklist. Our results suggest that French probation officers generally possess good communication skills, and use – to a certain extent – core correctional practices. They do, however, underperform with regard to cognitive behavioural techniques

Stigmatized beliefs: conspiracy theories, anticipated negative evaluation of the self, and fear of social exclusion

Can conspiracy theories be a source of social stigma? If it is true, it would follow that people may expect to be socially excluded when they express endorsement of conspiracy theories. This effect should be partially explained by the knowledge of the negative perceptions associated with conspiracy theories. In Study 1, inducing French internet users to write a text endorsing (vs. criticizing) conspiracy theories about the Charlie Hebdo shooting, led them to anticipate fear of social exclusion. This effect was mediated by anticipated negative evaluation of the self. In Study 2, inducing French internet users to imagine defending (vs. criticizing) conspiracy theories about the Charlie Hebdo shooting in front of an audience led them to anticipate fear of social exclusion. The effect was again mediated by anticipated negative evaluation of the self. To conclude, our findings demonstrate that conspiracy theories can be viewed as a source of social stigma

Utilisation d'un laser à argon ionisé en endoscopie digestive : photocoagulation des lésions hémorragiques

An endoscopic laser photocoagulation has been developed by the authors. The purpose of this system is to induce through endoscopy the hemostasis of bleeding lesions in the digestive tract. The blue-green light of the argon laser in transmitted by an optic fiber. The various parameters involved in the intensity of the photocoagulation have been determined by an experimental study on animals. After having been officially approved by the French Health Ministry, the first patients have been treated. From the first results the laser coagulation appears to be a non dangerous and effective method of endoscopic treatment of the digestive hemorrhages.Les auteurs ont fabriqué un photocoagulateur endoscopique par rayon laser. Cet appareil est destiné à induire par voie endoscopique l'hémostase des lésions digestives hémorragiques. Il est réalisé avec un laser à argon ionisé dont le faisceau est transmis par fibre optique. Une étude expérimentale a permis de déterminer les paramètres qui règlent l'intensité de la photocoagulation. Une fois obtenue l'autorisation ministérielle de la mise à l'essai clinique, les auteurs ont pu commencer à traiter des malades. Au vu des premiers résultats, il semble que la photocoagulation par voie endoscopique soit une méthode efficace et sûre de traitement des hémorragies digestives