5,292 research outputs found
The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints
Bio-energy, that is, energy produced from organic non-fossil material of biological origin, is promoted as a substitute for non-renewable (e.g., fossil) energy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and dependency on energy imports. At present, global bio-energy use amounts to approximately 50 EJ/yr, about 10% of humanity's primary energy supply. We here review recent literature on the amount of bio-energy that could be supplied globally in 2050, given current expectations on technology, food demand and environmental targets ('technical potential'). Recent studies span a large range of global bio-energy potentials from ≈30 to over 1000 EJ/yr. In our opinion, the high end of the range is implausible because of (1) overestimation of the area available for bio-energy crops due to insufficient consideration of constraints (e.g., area for food, feed or nature conservation) and (2) too high yield expectations resulting from extrapolation of plot-based studies to large, less productive areas. According to this review, the global technical primary bio-energy potential in 2050 is in the range of 160-270 EJ/yr if sustainability criteria are considered. The potential of bio-energy crops is at the lower end of previously published ranges, while residues from food production and forestry could provide significant amounts of energy based on an integrated optimization ('cascade utilization') of biomass flows. © 2010 Elsevier B.V
Memory usage verification using Hip/Sleek.
Embedded systems often come with constrained memory footprints. It is therefore essential to ensure that software running on such platforms fulfils memory usage specifications at compile-time, to prevent memory-related software failure after deployment. Previous proposals on memory usage verification are not satisfactory as they usually can only handle restricted subsets of programs, especially when shared mutable data structures are involved. In this paper, we propose a simple but novel solution. We instrument programs with explicit memory operations so that memory usage verification can be done along with the verification of other properties, using an automated verification system Hip/Sleek developed recently by Chin et al.[10,19]. The instrumentation can be done automatically and is proven sound with respect to an underlying semantics. One immediate benefit is that we do not need to develop from scratch a specific system for memory usage verification. Another benefit is that we can verify more programs, especially those involving shared mutable data structures, which previous systems failed to handle, as evidenced by our experimental results
Large and Unified Description of Quark and Lepton Mixing Matrices
We present a revised version of the so-called "yukawaon model", which was
proposed for the purpose of a unified description of the lepton mixing matrix
and the quark mixing matrix . It is assumed from a
phenomenological point of view that the neutrino Dirac mass matrix is
given with a somewhat different structure from the charged lepton mass matrix
, although was assumed in the previous model. As a result, the
revised model predicts a reasonable value with
keeping successful results for other parameters in as well as
and quark and lepton mass ratios.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, version accepted by EPJ
Analyticity, Unitarity and One-loop Graviton Corrections to Compton Scattering
We compute spin-flip cross section for graviton photoproduction on a spin-1/2
target of finite mass. Using this tree-level result, we find one-loop graviton
correction to the spin-flip low-energy forward Compton scattering amplitude by
using Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule. We show that this result agrees with the
corresponding perturbative computations, implying the validity of the sum rule
at one-loop level, contrary to the previous claims. We discuss possible effects
from the black hole production and string Regge trajectory exchange at very
high energies. These effects seem to soften the UV divergence present at
one-loop graviton level. Finally, we discuss the relation of these observations
with the models that involve extra dimensions.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure
Origins of Mass
Newtonian mechanics posited mass as a primary quality of matter, incapable of
further elucidation. We now see Newtonian mass as an emergent property. Most of
the mass of standard matter, by far, arises dynamically, from back-reaction of
the color gluon fields of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The equations for
massless particles support extra symmetries - specifically scale, chiral, and
gauge symmetries. The consistency of the standard model relies on a high degree
of underlying gauge and chiral symmetry, so the observed non-zero masses of
many elementary particles ( and bosons, quarks, and leptons) requires
spontaneous symmetry breaking. Superconductivity is a prototype for spontaneous
symmetry breaking and for mass-generation, since photons acquire mass inside
superconductors. A conceptually similar but more intricate form of
all-pervasive (i.e. cosmic) superconductivity, in the context of the
electroweak standard model, gives us a successful, economical account of
and boson masses. It also allows a phenomenologically successful, though
profligate, accommodation of quark and lepton masses. The new cosmic
superconductivity, when implemented in a straightforward, minimal way, suggests
the existence of a remarkable new particle, the so-called Higgs particle. The
mass of the Higgs particle itself is not explained in the theory, but appears
as a free parameter. Earlier results suggested, and recent observations at the
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may indicate, the actual existence of the Higgs
particle, with mass GeV. In addition to consolidating our
understanding of the origin of mass, a Higgs particle with
GeV could provide an important clue to the future, as it is consistent with
expectations from supersymmetry.Comment: Invited review for the Central European Journal of Physics. This is
the supplement to my 2011 Solvay Conference talk promised there. It is
adapted from an invited talk given at the Atlanta APS meeting, April 2012. 33
pages, 6 figures. v2: Added update section bringing in the CERN discovery
announcemen
Multimode calculation of frequency tunable gyrotrons for dynamic nuclear polarization applications
Multimode calculations of a low-power (above 10W) high-frequency (200 GHz -300 GHz) gyrotron for NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy applications have been performed. Six transverse modes (TE-7, 2; TE7, 2; TE-4, 3; TE4, 3; TE-2, 4; TE2, 4) whose coupling factors are above 30% and most probably excited in the cavity were included into the calculation. The frequency fine tuning was obtained via the excitation of a sequence of longitudinal modes of TE-7, 2, q by varying the beam voltage from 15kV upward and the magnetic field from 9.6T to 9.77T. The diffractive quality factor of the cavity equals to 9965 and the ohmic quality factor of the cavity equals to 6414. The results show that the main mode TE-7, 2 is quite stable against the possible transverse mode competitors within this magnetic field range and a continuous frequency tuning range more than 800MHz (263.43 GHz - 264.28 GHz) has been achieved with alpha equaling 1.3, the beam radius and current being 1.33 and 100mA respectively
A Simple Grand Unified Relation between Neutrino Mixing and Quark Mixing
It is proposed that all flavor mixing is caused by the mixing of the three
quark and lepton families with vectorlike fermions in 5 + 5-bar multiplets of
SU(5). This simple assumption implies that both V_{CKM} and U_{MNS} are
generated by a single matrix. The entire 3-by-3 complex mass matrix of the
neutrinos M_{nu} is then found to have a simple expression in terms of two
complex parameters and an overall scale. Thus, all the presently unknown
neutrino parameters are predicted. The best fits are for theta_{atm} less than
or approximately 40 degrees. The leptonic Dirac CP phase is found to be
somewhat greater than pi radians.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, one table. Typos correcte
The , interaction in finite volume and the resonance
In this work the interaction of the coupled channels and
in an SU(4) extrapolation of the chiral unitary theory, where the
resonance appears as dynamically generated from that
interaction, is extended to produce results in finite volume. Energy levels in
the finite box are evaluated and, assuming that they would correspond to
lattice results, the inverse problem of determining the phase shifts in the
infinite volume from the lattice results is solved. We observe that it is
possible to obtain accurate phase shifts and the position of the
resonance, but it requires the explicit consideration of the
two coupled channels. We also observe that some of the energy levels in the box
are attached to the closed channel, such that their use to induce the phase shifts via L\"uscher's formula leads to incorrect results.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J.
A remote sensing-based three-source energy balance model to improve global estimations of evapotranspiration in semi-arid tree-grass ecosystems
Slepton pair production in the POWHEG BOX
We present an implementation for slepton pair production at hadron colliders
in the POWHEG BOX, a framework for combining next-to-leading order QCD
calculations with parton-shower Monte-Carlo programs. Our code provides a SUSY
Les Houches Accord interface for setting the supersymmetric input parameters.
Decays of the sleptons and parton-shower effects are simulated with PYTHIA.
Focussing on a representative point in the supersymmetric parameter space we
show results for kinematic distributions that can be observed experimentally.
While next-to-leading order QCD corrections are sizable for all distributions,
the parton shower affects the color-neutral particles only marginally.
Pronounced parton-shower effects are found for jet distributions.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
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