Weighted ergodic theorems for Banach-Kantorovich lattice Lp(∇^,μ^)L_{p}(\hat{\nabla},\hat{\mu})

In the present paper we prove weighted ergodic theorems and multiparameter weighted ergodic theorems for positive contractions acting on $L_p(\hat{\nabla},\hat{\mu})$. Our main tool is the use of methods of measurable bundles of Banach-Kantorovich lattices.Comment: 11 page

Pengaruh Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta Im3 terhadap Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi dan Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Program Im3

Nama : Diyan H Ayu KinasihNIM : D2C009029Judul : Pengaruh Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 terhadapKepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi dan Kepuasan PengalamanAdopsi terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Program IM3ABSTRAKTwitter sebagai salah satu promotion tools yang digunakan oleh PTIndosat Tbk, diharapkan dapat memperkenalkan program-program serta eventyang dilakukan oleh Indosat. Melalui duta IM3 sebagai brand ambassador, Indosatmencoba meraih pasar anak muda dengan melakukan kegiatan promosi.Tipe penelitian ini adalah eksplanatory yang menjelaskan pengaruhintensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsiterhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, dan kepuasan pengalaman adopsi terhadapkeputusan penggunaan program IM3. Teknik pengambilan sampling denganproporsional random sampling. Uji pengaruh antara variabel intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 (X1) terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)menggunakan Uji Regresi Linier Sederhana sementara uji pengaruh variabelkepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2) terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3(Y) menggunakan Uji Regresi Logistik Biner.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat intensitas mengakses twitterduta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dimanahanya 6,1% Perubahan pada variabel Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi (X2)disebabkan oleh variabel Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 (X1) sisanya93,9% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model yang diajukan. Serta kepuasanpengalaman adopsi (X2) berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusan penggunaanprogram IM3 (Y) dengan taraf kepercayaan sebesar 95%. Twitter merupakanmedia sosial yang bersifat real time. Sifat real time ini dapat menjadi kelebihanyaitu twitter mampu memberikan informasi secara cepa, namun juga memberikankelemahan yaitu cepat berlalunya informasi Dalam penelitian ini, twitter duta IM3dirasa kurang memberikan pengaruh yang maksimal dalam kegiatan komunikasipemasaran. Masih rendahnya frekuensi responden terhadap jumlah tweet yangdilihat per harinya menjadi salah satu penyebabnya. Pada kepuasan pengalamanadopsi, untuk kategori persyaratan tarif sendiri masih terhitung rendah namunsecara keseluruhan sudah merasa puas terhadap program-program IM3. Padaakhirnya keputusan yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah memutuskan untuktetap menggunakan program IM3, yang paling mendominasi adalah besarnyakeinginan untuk tetap merekomendasikan program IM3 kepada orang lain.Kata kunci: komunikasi pemasaran, intensitas mengakses twitter duta im3,keputusan menggunakan program im3.Nama : Diyan H Ayu KinasihNIM : D2C009029Judul : The influence of Intensity of Accessing to Twitter IM3Ambassador against Satisfaction of The Adoption Experienceand Satisfaction of The Adoption Experience against TheDecision Use of IM3 ProgramsABSTRACTTwitter as one of promotion tools used by PT Indosat Tbk, is expected tointroduce programmes and events carried out by Indosat. Through AmbassadorIM3 Indosat as brand ambassador, trying to grab the youth market by conductingpromotional activities.This research type is explanatory which explains the influence ofintensity of accessing twitter IM3 ambassadors against satisfaction of the adoptionexperience, and satisfaction of the adoption experience against decision use ofIM3 program. Retrieval technique of sampling with proportional randomsampling. Test of influence of variable intensity access twitter ambassadors IM3(X 1) to the satisfaction of the adoption experience (X 2) using Simple Linearregression test while the test influences of variable satisfaction the experience ofadoption (x 2) against the decision use of IM3 programs (Y) using BinaryLogistic regression test.The results of this research indicate there is an intensity to access twitterambassadors IM3 effect negatively to the satisfaction of the adoption experiencewhere only 6.1% change in the variable Satisfaction of the adoption Experience(X 2) the variable Intensity caused by Accessing Twitter Ambassadors IM3 (X 1)rest 93,9% influenced by variables other than the model asked. As well assatisfaction of the adoption experience (X2) have a positive effect against thedecision of the IM3 program (Y) with 95% confidence level. Twitter is a socialmedia in real time. This real time can be an excess of twitter to provideinformation we have load, but also give a quick passage of the weakness of theinformation. In this study, twitter proved less IM3 Ambassadors providemaximum influence in the activity of marketing communications. Still the lowfrequency of respondents against the number of tweets viewed per day to be oneof the cause. On the adoption experience, satisfaction for its own costrequirements category still accounts for low but overall it feels satisfied towardsIM3 programs. Ultimately the decision taken in this research is decided to stay,using program im3 most dominate is the desire to remain im3 programrecommends to others.Keywords: marketing communications, intensity of accessing twitter im3ambassadors, decision of the use of im3 programs.I Latar BelakangBanyak operator seluler di Indonesia menjadikan persaingan pasarsemakin ketat. Masing-masing operator meluncurkan program-program tambahanyang menawarkan berbagai macam bonus seperti bonus sms, telepon, maupuninternet. Untuk memperkenalkan program-program tersebut tentu dibutuhkanbauran promosi seperti TVC, radio, flayer, billboard/Baliho, poster, event, maupunsponsorship.Dari hasil survey awareness yang dilakukan kepada masyarakat Bandungterhadap salah satu program Indosat yaitu 7 Hari 7 Malam, menunjukkan hasilbahwa responden mengetahui program tersebut dengan presentase 88%.Sementara responden yang memahami informasi yang didapat sebanyak 44%.Dan responden yang menggunakan program tersebut hanya 35% saja. Kurangnyainformasi dari Indosat inilah yang mengakibatkan responden tidak menggunakanprogram tersebut. Informasi disini berkaitan tentang cara pemakaian, berapanominal pulsa yang harus dipakai, serta apa kelebihan dan kekurangan dariprogram tersebut. Masyarakat Bandung mengetahui program tersebut mayoritasdari iklan televisi dan radio dengan presentase 86%, sementara sisanya mengakumengetahui program tersebut dari billboard/Baliho, event, maupunbanner(http://www.academia.edu/3519915/HASIL_SURVEY_AWARENESS_MASYARAKAT_BANDUNG_TERHADAP_PROMO_INDOSAT_7h7m).Dengan menggunakan sosial media twitter melalui akun pribadi duta IM3diharapkan mampu mempromosikan segala program maupun event Indosatkepada masyarakat.II Perumusan MasalahMenurut hasil survey terhadap salah satu program Indosat yaitu 7 hari 7malam yang dilakukan di Kota Bandung, menunjukkan bahwa mayoritasresponden sudah mengetahui adanya program 7 hari 7 malam, namun karenakurangnya pemahaman informasi tentang program 7 hari 7 malam sepertiinformasi mengenai cara pemakaian, berapa nominal pulsa yang harus digunakan,dan apa kelebihan-kekurangan dari program tersebut menjadikan masyarakatmemilih untuk tidak menggunakan program 7 hari 7 malam. Ketika ditanyaresponden mengetahui program tersebut darimana, responden mayoritasmenjawab dari iklan televisi dan radio. Kedua media iklan yang disebutkan olehresponden merupakan media iklan yang bersifat satu arah, dimana tidak terdapatumpan Balik atau feedback dari pengirim pesan.Keterbatasan informasi yang disampaikan serta komunikasi yang terjalinbersifat satu arah inilah yang menjadi awal mula terjadinya masalah. Awarenessmasyarakat mengenai produk memang sudah baik, namun dikarenakanketerbatasan informasi yang diberikan dari Indosat menjadikan masyarakatenggan untuk mencoba menggunakan program tertentu.Melihat keterbatasan tersebut, Indosat dengan menggunakan sosial mediatwitter melalui para duta IM3 melakukan kegiatan promosi mengenai setiapprogram-program terbaru yang dikeluarkan oleh Indosat. Duta IM3 yang dipilihdari anak-anak SMA inilah akan mendapat tugas sebagai ambassador, salesendorser, public influencer, community acquisition, indosat representatif.Kecenderungan konsumsi remaja menggunakan sosial media twitter inilah yangmenjadi alasan Indosat untuk menggerakkan duta IM3 melakukan promosi disosial media khususnya twitter. Dengan demikian, apakah ada pengaruh antaraintensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dankepuasan pengalamn adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3.III Tujuan PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi. Dan pengaruhantara kepuasan pengalaman adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan programIM3.IV HipotesisDalam penelitian ini dapat dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut :1. Terdapat pengaruh positif antara intensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3(X1) terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)2. Terdapat pengaruh positif antara kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2)terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3 (Y)V Landasan TeoriDalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan 3 teori yang menjadi acuanatau dasar dalam pengerjaan penelitian ini yakni :Teori Difusi InovasiPada proses pengambilan keputusan inovasi, konsumen akan melaluibeberapa tahap yaitu pengetahuan, persuasi, keputusan, implementasi, dankonfirmasi (Shimp, 2003: 270).Low Involvement HierarchyLow involvement hierarchy menyebutkan bahwa tahapan Perubahansikap untuk produk low involvement yaitu penerima setelah menerima pesan yangdikomunikasikan atau tahap kognitif, penerima akan langsung melakukantindakan (behavior), dan baru setelah itu kemudian dipandang sebagai lewat dariingatan untuk perilaku untuk sikap Perubahan (afektif) (Belch, 2003 : 152).Teori Hierarki BelajarTeori hirarki belajar (The Learning Hierarchy Theory) (Liliweri, 1992 :90) menerangkan bahwa setiap informasi pertama-tama akan menerpa khalayakdan akibatnya terjadi Perubahan komponen kognitif dari khalayak tersebut.Perubahan itu meliputi kesadaran, perhatian, pemahaman khalayak terhadapproduk yang dipersuasifkan. Dengan kata lain, khalayak pertama-tama harusmemperhatikan, mengerti, dan paham tentang informasi.VI Metoda PenelitianTipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksplanatori, yaitu penelitian yangmenjelaskan hubungan kausal antara variabel-variabel yaitu intensitas mengaksestwitter duta IM3, kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, dan keputusan penggunaanprogram IM3.Dari total populasi 19511 follower duta IM3 Semarang, diambilsebanyak 100 responden sebagai sampel dengan teknik pengambilan sampelproporsional random sampling. Metode pengambilan sampel ini digunakanapabila populasi terdiri dari beberapa unit yang memiliki besar kecil yangberbeda. Dengan mengetahui jumlah setiap unit populasi yang ada, sampelkemudian diambil dari setiap unit secara berimbang berdasarkan besar kecilnyajumlah. Dari ukuran sampel 100, kemudian didistribusikan secara proporsionalmasing-masing ke dalam 10 unit duta IM3, yang disesuaikan dengan persentasejumlah total populasi yang dimiliki sampel. Kemudian tiap follower pada 10 unitduta IM3 diberi nomer terlebih dahulu, sesuai dengan jumlah anggota populasidan dilakukan pengundian.Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dengan mengajukanpertanyaan secara langsung atau wawancara terhadap responden mengenaipertanyaan-pertanyaan yang tertera pada kuesioner.VII PembahasanHasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat intensitas mengakses twitterduta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dimanahanya 6,1% Perubahan pada variabel Kepuasan Pengalaman Adopsi (X2)disebabkan oleh variabel Intensitas Mengakses Twitter Duta IM3 (X1) sisanya93,9% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model yang diajukan. Sehingga H1ditolak.Serta kepuasan pengalaman adopsi (X2) berpengaruh positif terhadapkeputusan penggunaan program IM3 (Y) dengan taraf kepercayaan sebesar 95%.Sehingga H2 diterima.Twitter merupakan media sosial yang bersifat real time. Sifat real timeini dapat menjadi kelebihan yaitu twitter mampu memberikan informasi secaracepa, namun juga memberikan kelemahan yaitu cepat berlalunya informasi Dalampenelitian ini, twitter duta IM3 dirasa kurang memberikan pengaruh yangmaksimal dalam kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran. Masih rendahnya frekuensiresponden terhadap jumlah tweet yang dilihat per harinya menjadi salah satupenyebabnya. Pada kepuasan pengalaman adopsi, untuk kategori persyaratan tarifsendiri masih terhitung rendah namun secara keseluruhan sudah merasa puasterhadap program-program IM3. Pada akhirnya keputusan yang diambil dalampenelitian ini adalah memutuskan untuk tetap menggunakan program IM3, yangpaling mendominasi adalah besarnya keinginan untuk tetap merekomendasikanprogram IM3 kepada orang lain.VIII KesimpulanBerdasarkan uraian pokok bahasan penelitian sebelumnya, maka dalambab ini berisi tentang kesimpulan atas hasil penelitian pengaruh intensitasmengakses twitter duta IM3 terhadap kepuasan pengalaman adopsi dan kepuasanpengalaman adopsi terhadap keputusan penggunaan program IM3 :1. Intensitas mengakses twitter duta IM3 berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepuasanpengalaman adopsi. Setiap kenaikan pada frekuensi dan durasi twittermenyebabkan penurunan pada kepuasan pengalaman adopsi.2. Kepuasan pengalaman adopsi berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusanpenggunaan program IM3. Tingkat kepuasan pengalaman adopsi membuatfollower twitter memutuskan untuk tetap menggunakan program Indosat.IX Saran1. Penggunaan twitter melalui akun pribadi duta IM3 dirasa masih kurangmemberikan pengaruh yang maksimal dalam aktifitas komunikasipemasaran, oleh karena itu penggunaan promotion tools lainnya perludipertimbangkan.2. Perlu adanya perencanaan dalam penggunaan sosial media dalam kegiatankomunikasi pemasaran, hal ini berkaitan dengan pemilihan waktu yangtepat untuk melakukan aktifitas dalam twitter. Para duta IM3 sebaiknyamemperhatikan waktu-waktu yang tergolong “premier” dimana pada jamjamtersebut mayoritas follower twitternya sedang mengakses twitter.3. Indosat perlu memperhatikan kembali ketentuan tarif yang dikenakanuntuk menggunakan program tertentu dengan melihat banyak respondenyang merasa kurang puas dengan persyaratan tarif program. Denganbegitu diharapkan masyarakat akan tetap menggunakan program IM3yang ditawarkan.DAFTAR PUSTAKABelch, George and Michael A Belch. (2003). Advertising and Promotion:AnIntegrated Marketing Communications Perspective (6th ed.). The McGraw-HillCompaniesDuden. (2003). Deutsche Grammatik. Manheim Leipzig Wein: DudenverlagFahmi, Abu Bakar. (2011). Mencerna Situs Jejaring Sosial. Jakarta: PT ElexMedia KomputindoKasali, Rhenald. (1995). Manajemen Periklanan. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama GrafitiSumartono. (2002). Terperangkap dalam Iklan:Meneropong Imbas Pesan IklanKomputer. Bandung: CV AlfabetaKotler, Philip. (1995). Manajemen Pemasaran Analysis Perencanaan danImplementasi. Jakarta: Salemba EmpatLiliweri, Alo. (1992). Dasar-Dasar Komunikasi Periklanan. Bandung: PT CitraAditya BaktiNisfiannoor, Muhammad. (2009). Pendekatan Statistika Modern untuk IlmuSosial. Jakarta: Salemba HumanikaRuslan, Rosadi. (2006). Metode Penelitian Public Relation dan Komunikasi.Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo PersadaShimp A, Terence. (2003). Periklanan Promosi dan Aspek Tambahan KomunikasiPemasaran Terpadu (5th ed. Jilid 1). Jakarta: ErlanggaSugiarto, dkk. (2001). Teknik Sampling. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka UtamaSugiyono. (2007). Statistika untuk Penelitian. Bandung: CV AlfabetaTrihendradi,C. 2011. Langkah Mudah Melakukan Analisis Statistik MenggunakanSPSS 19. Yogyakarta : Penerbit AndiSumber Internet :Hasil Survey Top Brand Index. (2013). Dalam http://www.topbrandaward.com/top-brand-survey/survey-result/top-brand-index-2013/ Diunduh pada10 April 2013 pukul 10.30 WIBAdhima, Faza. (2013). Hasil Survey Awareness Masyarakat Bandung TerhadapPromo Indosat 7 Hari 7 Malam. Dalamhttp://www.academia.edu/3519915/HASIL_SURVEY_AWARENESS_MASYARAKAT_BANDUNG_TERHADAP_PROMO_INDOSAT_7h7m Diunduhpada 15 Mei 2013 pukul 13.00 WIBDela Permata Jadi Duta IM3 Queen 2012. (2012). Dalamhttp://www.tribunnews.com/2012/06/17/della-permata-jadi-duta-im3-queen-2012 Diunduh pada 15 Mei 2013 pukul 14.00 WIBHariyanti, Dini. (2011). Remaja, 64 Persen Pengguna Jejaring Sosial. Dalamhttp://www.jurnas.com/news/34328/Remaja,_64_Persen_Pengguna_Jejaring_Sosial_/2/Sosial_Budaya/Saintek Diunduh pada 16 Mei 2013 pukul 20.00 WIBhttps://twitter.com/search?q=%23DUTAIM3SASMG&src=hash Diunduh pada16 Mei 2013 pukul 21.30 WIBhttp://www.telkomsel.com/kartuas Diunduh pada 2 Agustus 2013 pukul 19.30WIBhttp://www.telkomsel.com/product/simpati/631-simPATI-Freedom.htmlDiunduh pada 2 Agusutus 2013 pukul 20.00 WIBhttp://www.telkomsel.com/promosimpati Diunduh pada 2 Agustus 2013 pukul21.00 WIBhttp://www.xl.co.id/id/internet/paket/hotrod Diunduh pada 21 Agustus 2013pukul 19.00http://www.xl.co.id/id/prabayar Diunduh pada 21 Agustus 2013 pukul 20.00http://www.xl.co.id/id/prabayar/perdana/xl-ku Diunduh pada 21 Agustus 2013pukul 20.30http://www.indosat.com/Personal/IM3_Update/IM3_Sekalee Diunduh pada 22Agustus 2013 pukul 15.00http://www.indosat.com/Personal/IM3_Update/IM3_SMS_SUKA_SUKADiunduh pada 22 Agustus 2013 pukul 15.30http://indosat.com/Personal/Personal/DOBEL_1000_BERKAH Diunduh pada22 Agustus 2013 pukul 17.00http://icity.indosat.com/t5/Events-Announcements/Terbaru-Dari-Indosat-Pulsa-Isi-Ulang-12000/td-p/78840 Diunduh pada 7 November 2013 pukul 19.00http://www.indosat.com/Personal/IM3_Update/IM3_Play Diunduh pada 7November 2013 pukul 19.30http://koran-Jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/113510 Diunduh pada 9 April2013 pukul 21.00http://www.indosat.com/Public_Relations/Press_Release_Photo_Gallery/INDOSAT_GELAR_IM3_MOBILE_ACADEMY_KE6 Diunduh pada 7 November 2013pukul 20.00Jurnal dan Skripsi :Raditya, C. (2012). Hubungan intensitas penggunaan situs jejaring sosial twitterdengan intensitas komunikasi interpersonal mahasiswa program studi ilmukomunikasi UPN FISIP “veteran” Yogyakarta. Skripsi. UPN VeteranYogyakarta.Kwon, Eun Sook and Yongjun Sung. (2011). Follow Me! Global MarketersTwitter Use. Journal of Interactive Advertising: 1-11Sari, Viranti Mustika. (2012). Pengaruh Eletronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) disocial media twitter terhadap minat beli konsumen: Studi pada RestoranHolycowsteak. Skripsi. Universitas IndonesiaSteyer, Alexandre, Renaud Garcia Bardidia, Pascale Quester. (2010). OnlineDiscussion Groups as Social Networks: An Empirical Investigation of Word ofMouth on The Internet. Journal of Interactive Adevertising: 1-

Genomic analyses of the Linum distyly supergene reveal convergent evolution at the molecular level

Supergenes govern multi-trait-balanced polymorphisms in a wide range of systems; however, our understanding of their origins and evolution remains incomplete. The reciprocal placement of stigmas and anthers in pin and thrum floral morphs of distylous species constitutes an iconic example of a balanced polymorphism governed by a supergene, the distyly S-locus. Recent studies have shown that the Primula and Turnera distyly supergenes are both hemizygous in thrums, but it remains unknown whether hemizygosity is pervasive among distyly S-loci. As hemizygosity has major consequences for supergene evolution and loss, clarifying whether this genetic architecture is shared among distylous species is critical. Here, we have characterized the genetic architecture and evolution of the distyly supergene in Linum by generating a chromosome-level genome assembly of Linum tenue, followed by the identification of the S-locus using population genomic data. We show that hemizygosity and thrum-specific expression of S-linked genes, including a pistil-expressed candidate gene for style length, are major features of the Linum S-locus. Structural variation is likely instrumental for recombination suppression, and although the non-recombining dominant haplotype has accumulated transposable elements, S-linked genes are not under relaxed purifying selection. Our findings reveal remarkable convergence in the genetic architecture and evolution of independently derived distyly supergenes, provide a counterexample to classic inversion-based supergenes, and shed new light on the origin and maintenance of an iconic floral polymorphism.European Research Council (ERC) 757451Swedish Research Council 2019-04452, 2018-0597

The role of inputs of marine wrack and carrion in sandy-beach ecosystems: A global review

Sandy beaches are iconic interfaces that functionally link the ocean with the land via the flow of organic matter from the sea. These cross-ecosystem fluxes often comprise uprooted seagrass and dislodged macroalgae that can form substantial accumulations of detritus, termed ‘wrack’, on sandy beaches. In addition, the tissue of the carcasses of marine animals that regularly wash up on beaches form a rich food source (‘carrion’) for a diversity of scavenging animals. Here, we provide a global review of how wrack and carrion provide spatial subsidies that shape the structure and functioning of sandy-beach ecosystems (sandy beaches and adjacent surf zones), which typically have little in situ primary production. We also examine the spatial scaling of the influence of these processes across the broader land- and seascape, and identify key gaps in our knowledge to guide future research directions and priorities. Large quantities of detrital kelp and seagrass can flow into sandy-beach ecosystems, where microbial decomposers and animals process it. The rates of wrack supply and its retention are influenced by the oceanographic processes that transport it, the geomorphology and landscape context of the recipient beaches, and the condition, life history and morphological characteristics of the macrophyte taxa that are the ultimate source of wrack. When retained in beach ecosystems, wrack often creates hotspots of microbial metabolism, secondary productivity, biodiversity, and nutrient remineralization. Nutrients are produced during wrack breakdown, and these can return to coastal waters in surface flows (swash) and aquifers discharging into the subtidal surf. Beach-cast kelp often plays a key trophic role, being an abundant and preferred food source for mobile, semi-aquatic invertebrates that channel imported algal matter to predatory invertebrates, fish, and birds. The role of beach-cast marine carrion is likely to be underestimated, as it can be consumed rapidly by highly mobile scavengers (e.g. foxes, coyotes, raptors, vultures). These consumers become important vectors in transferring marine productivity inland, thereby linking marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Whilst deposits of organic matter on sandy-beach ecosystems underpin a range of ecosystem functions and services, they can be at variance with aesthetic perceptions resulting in widespread activities, such as ‘beach cleaning and grooming’. This practice diminishes the energetic base of food webs, intertidal fauna, and biodiversity. Global declines in seagrass beds and kelp forests (linked to global warming) are predicted to cause substantial reductions in the amounts of marine organic matter reaching many beach ecosystems, likely causing flow-on effects for food webs and biodiversity. Similarly, future sea-level rise and increased storm frequency are likely to alter profoundly the physical attributes of beaches, which in turn can change the rates at which beaches retain and process the influxes of wrack and animal carcasses. Conservation of the multi-faceted ecosystem services that sandy beaches provide will increasingly need to encompass a greater societal appreciation and the safeguarding of ecological functions reliant on beach-cast organic matter on innumerable ocean shores worldwide

Systematic adjudication of myocardial infarction end-points in an international clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Clinical events committees (CEC) are used routinely to adjudicate suspected end-points in cardiovascular trials, but little information has been published about the various processes used. We reviewed results of the CEC process used to identify and adjudicate suspected end-point (post-enrolment) myocardial infarction (MI) in the large Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin (Eptifibatide) Therapy (PURSUIT) trial. METHODS: The PURSUIT trial randomised 10,948 patients with acute coronary syndromes to receive eptifibatide or placebo. A central adjudication process was established prospectively to identify all suspected MIs and adjudicate events based on protocol definitions of MI. Suspected MIs were identified by systematic review of data collection forms, cardiac enzyme results, and electrocardiograms. Two physicians independently reviewed all suspected events. If they disagreed whether a MI had occurred, a committee of cardiologists adjudicated the case. RESULTS: The CEC identified 5005 patients with suspected infarction (46%), of which 1415 (28%) were adjudicated as end-point infarctions. As expected, the process identified more end-point events than did the site investigators. Absolute and relative treatment effects of eptifibatide were smaller when using CEC-determined MI rates rather than site investigator-determined rates. The site-investigator reporting of MI and the CEC assessment of MI disagreed in 20% of the cases reviewed by the CEC. CONCLUSIONS: End-point adjudication by a CEC is important, to provide standardised, systematic, independent, and unbiased assessment of end-points, particularly in trials that span geographic regions and clinical practice settings. Understanding the CEC process used is important in the interpretation of trial results and event rates

Disagreements between central clinical events committee and site investigator assessments of myocardial infarction endpoints in an international clinical trial: review of the PURSUIT study

BACKGROUND: Limited information has been published regarding how specific processes for event adjudication can affect event rates in trials. We reviewed nonfatal myocardial infarctions (MIs) reported by site investigators in the international Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin (Eptifibatide) Therapy (PURSUIT) trial and those adjudicated by a central clinical events committee (CEC) to determine the reasons for differences in event rates. METHODS: The PURSUIT trial randomised 10,948 patients with acute coronary syndromes to receive eptifibatide or placebo. The primary end-point was death or post-enrolment MI at 30 days as assessed by the CEC; this end-point was also constructed using site-reported events. The CEC identified suspected MIs by systematic review of clinical, cardiac enzyme, and electrocardiographic data. RESULTS: The CEC identified 5005 (46%) suspected events, of which 1415 (28%) were adjudicated as MI. The site investigator and CEC assessments of whether a MI had occurred disagreed in 983 (20%) of the 5005 patients with suspected MI, mostly reflecting site misclassification of post-enrolment MIs (as enrolment MIs) or underreported periprocedural MIs. Patients for whom the CEC and site investigator agreed that no end-point MI had occurred had the lowest mortality at 30 days and between 30 days and 6 months, and those with agreement that a MI had occurred had the highest mortality. CONCLUSION: CEC adjudication provides a standard, systematic, independent, and unbiased assessment of end-points, particularly for trials that span geographic regions and clinical practice settings. Understanding the review process and reasons for disagreement between CEC and site investigator assessments of MI is important to design future trials and interpret event rates between trials

Transcriptome profiling of ontogeny in the acridid grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus

Acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Acrididae) are widely used model organisms for developmental, evolutionary, and neurobiological research. Although there has been recent influx of orthopteran transcriptomic resources, many use pooled ontogenetic stages obscuring information about changes in gene expression during development. Here we developed a de novo transcriptome spanning 7 stages in the life cycle of the acridid grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. Samples from different stages encompassing embryonic development through adults were used for transcriptomic profiling, revealing patterns of differential gene expression that highlight processes in the different life stages. These patterns were validated with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Embryonic development showed a strongly differentiated expression pattern compared to all of the other stages and genes upregulated in this stage were involved in signaling, cellular differentiation, and organ development. Our study is one of the first to examine gene expression during post-embryonic development in a hemimetabolous insect and we found that only the fourth and fifth instars had clusters of genes upregulated during these stages. These genes are involved in various processes ranging from synthesis of biogenic amines to chitin binding. These observations indicate that post-embryonic ontogeny is not a continuous process and that some instars are differentiated. Finally, genes upregulated in the imago were generally involved in aging and immunity. Our study highlights the importance of looking at ontogeny as a whole and indicates promising directions for future research in orthopteran development

Individual differences in newborn visual attention associate with temperament and behavioral difficulties in later childhood

Recently it was shown that individual differences in attention style in infants are associated with childhood effortful control, surgency, and hyperactivity-inattention. Here we investigated whether effortful control, surgency and behavioral problems in childhood can be predicted even earlier, from individual differences in newborns’ average duration of gaze to stimuli. Eighty newborns participated in visual preference and habituation studies. Parents completed questionnaires at follow up (mean age = 7.5 years, SD = 1.0 year). Newborns’ average dwell time was negatively associated with childhood surgency (β = -.25, R2 = .04, p = .02) and total behavioral difficulties (β = -.28, R2 = .05, p = .04) but not with effortful control (β = .03, R2 = .001, p = .76). Individual differences in newborn visual attention significantly associated with individual variation in childhood surgency and behavioral problems, showing that some of the factors responsible for this variation are present at birth

The scale, governance, and sustainability of central places in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica

Examinations of the variation and relative successes or failures of past large-scale societies have long involved attempts to reconcile efforts at generalization and the identification of specific factors with explanatory value for regional trajectories. Although historical particulars are critical to understanding individual cases, there are both scholarly and policy rationales for drawing broader implications regarding the growing corpus of cross-cultural data germane to understanding variability in the constitution of human societies, past and present. Archaeologists have recently highlighted how successes and failures in communal-resource management can be studied over the long term through the material record to both engage and enhance transdisciplinary research on cooperation and collective action. In this article we consider frameworks that have been traditionally employed in studies of the rise, diversity, and fall of preindustrial urban aggregations. We suggest that a comparative theoretical perspective that foregrounds collective-action problems, unaligned individual and group interests, and the social mechanisms that promote or hamper cooperation advances our understanding of variability in these early cooperative arrangements. We apply such a perspective to an examination of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican urban centers to demonstrate tendencies for more collective systems to be larger and longer lasting than less collective ones, likely reflecting greater sustainability in the face of the ecological and cultural perturbations specific to the region and era.Accepted manuscrip