The microeconomics of water demand under deficit irrigation: a case study in Southern Spain

This contribution presents an exploratory analysis of the microeconomics of deficit irrigation (DI) as a technique with growing prevalence in water scarce areas, as it is the case of southern Spain. We analyze farmer decisions based upon their subjective beliefs about water production function that farmers could attribute to this technology. The dynamic nature of water policy means that these technologies, which can be labelled as water saving techniques, have a relevant impact on the farmers’ decision process about the applied water doses and the structure of the water demand.Secretaría General de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación MINECO AGL2014-53417-

The microeconomics of water demand under deficit irrigation: a case study in Southern Spain

This contribution presents an exploratory analysis of the microeconomics of deficit irrigation (DI) as a technique with growing prevalence in water scarce areas, as it is the case of southern Spain. We analyze farmer decisions based upon their subjective beliefs about water production function that farmers could attribute to this technology. The dynamic nature of water policy means that these technologies, which can be labelled as water saving techniques, have a relevant impact on the farmers’ decision process about the applied water doses and the structure of the water demand.Secretaría General de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación MINECO AGL2014-53417-

A comprehensive cost analysis of reclaimed water production: is it a financially viable resource for agricultural irrigation in southern Spain?

Although the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation in Spain has been done since decades, during the drought period (2005-2008 ) its use was regulated. Since the entry into force of the Royal Decree 1620/2007, which establishes the legal regime for the reuse of treated water, the development of water reuse in Spain has experienced a significant growth. Nowadays, the current drought period (2022-2023) has brought the discussion to the political and social scenes, since conventional water sources are getting more scarce and expensive. Additionally, the EU regulation 2020/741 on the use of reclaimed water has entered into force in June 2023. This research aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the reclaimed water production (tertiary treatment) upon the financial and cost information gathered from different water treatment companies (both public and private) located on the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia. Results offer valuable information for policy makers, irrigators and water companies on an adequate price setting in the regional context of increasing water scarcity. Additionally, financial affordability of irrigators is also analyzed based on the water productivity of the crop mix in the region and the cost of alternative water sources, such as desalination.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Análisis del coste del servicio de abastecimiento urbano de agua en la Demarcación del Guadalquivir

Este trabajo analiza el coste del servicio de abastecimiento urbano de agua en la Demarcación del Guadalquivir a partir de la información contenida en los Informes de Revisión de Tarifas del abastecimiento Urbano de 2003. este análisis ha permitido obtener una estimación del coste real por metro cúbico facturado, así como estudiar la importancia relativa de los distintos componentes del coste total del servicio y su evolución con el tamaño de la población abastecida y los metros cúbicos de agua facturados. el trabajo establece una estimación de una función de costes medios del servicio de abastecimiento urbano para la Demarcación del Guadalquivir. Finalmente, se analiza el grado de recuperación de costes del servicio vía ingresos tarifarios en la citada cuenca.This paper analyzes the cost of urban water supply obtained through the reports that Municipalities are obligated to evaluate for water price ordinances. we apply a exhaustive enquiry to Guadalquivir River basin during november 2003. The paper analyses the evolution of main items composing water supply cost as a function of population size. another outcome of the research is the rate of cost recovery that is supposed to be studied according european Union water Framework Directive

The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain

This paper offers an exploratory microeconomic analysis of water use in the cultivation of almonds when water is considered a limiting production factor. When a crop is subjected to water limitation, the microeconomic principles behind irrigation decisions are based upon the water-yield relationship. The analysis is applied to an estimated water-yield response function for irrigated almond trees in southern Spain; our research focuses on determining the optimal irrigation dose when deficit irrigation is applied, as it is usual in water-scarce contexts. The situation in Spain is compared to that of other countries where water rights are less constrained. The economic analysis of the water production function is crucial, since it determines farmers’ income and helps them make appropriate management decisions, such as simultaneous decisions regarding the allocation of limited water to crops and the size of the irrigated area for almond production. Furthermore, public institutions need this basic information for the allocation of water in times of increasing water demand and of limited and decreasing resources.Junta de Andalucía SEJ 59

Microeconomics of Deficit Irrigation and Subjective Water Response Function for Intensive Olive Groves

This research paper analyzes the economics of deficit irrigation based on the use of subjective estimates of the crop yield–water relationship to determine water supply in irrigated olive groves. Interviewed farmers were asked to give three estimates for the yield-water relationship as a function of water supply (full irrigation, usual deficit irrigation and extreme deficit irrigation). Those responses are contrasted with the actual irrigation dose and the results appear to support the hypothesis that a majority of farmers use deficit irrigation as a strategy that maximizes the value of limited water input rather than the conventional microeconomic behavior of maximizing the return to landSecretaría General de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación MINECOAGL2014 - 533417 -

Hydro-Economic Modelling for Water-Policy Assessment Under Climate Change at a River Basin Scale: A Review

Hydro-economic models (HEMs) constitute useful instruments to assess water-resource management and inform water policy. In the last decade, HEMs have achieved significant advances regarding the assessment of the impacts of water-policy instruments at a river basin or catchment level in the context of climate change (CC). This paper o ers an overview of the alternative approaches used in river-basin hydro-economic modelling to address water-resource management issues and CC during the past decade. Additionally, it analyses how uncertainty and risk factors of global CC have been treated in recent HEMs, o ering a discussion on these last advances. As the main conclusion, current challenges in the realm of hydro-economic modelling include the representation of the food-energy-water nexus, the successful representation of micro-macro linkages and feedback loops between the socio-economic model components and the physical side, and the treatment of CC uncertainties and risks in the analysis

Modelling and experimental verification of the impact of negative bias temperature instability on CMOS inverter

Published in Microelectronics Reliability, Volume 49, Issues 9-11, September-November 2009, Pages 1048-1051The effects of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) on the performance of a CMOS inverter have been investigated by means of both simulation and experimental methods. The simulation of NBTI effects on CMOS inverter has been done by shifting the pFET Vtho BSIM parameter. The results show that NBTI shifts the inverter transfer curve, reduces the low noise margin and current consumption but increases the high noise margin. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results has been obtained. Therefore, it can be assumed that the effect of NBTI on CMOS circuits can be mainly predicted by shifting the Vtho pFET parameter.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Pedro Lemebel, belleza indómita

Review of Martínez, Luciano (ed.). Pedro Lemebel, belleza indómita. Pittsburgh, Instituto Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana, 2022, 449 pp.Reseña de Martínez, Luciano (ed.). Pedro Lemebel, belleza indómita. Pittsburgh, Instituto Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana, 2022, 449 pp

Characterization and modeling of the electromagnetic emission of an ADC converter

Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) are widely used in consumer electronics, as well as aeronautic, space and automotive development fields. The ADC clock frequency has been increasing in the latest years due to the continuous downscaling in CMOS technology. This constant rising of the operating frequency implies a significant enhancement of the electromagnetic inference (EMI). Therefore, in order to predict the impact of the EMI on the electronic systems performance, electrical circuit models, involving these EMC issues, are required. In this sense, an electromagnetic model of integrated circuits has been internationally standardized (ICEM model) [1]. This model includes a passive distribution network (PDN), which presents the characteristics of propagations paths of electromagnetic noise and the internal activity (IA), which corresponds to the electromagnetic noise source that originates in switching of active devices in the integrated circuit (IC), measured according to [2]. This work addresses the characterization and modeling of a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter in a 8-small outline integrate circuit (SOIC) package, according to the international standard IEC 62433-2. The ADC has a 3.3 V supply voltage, and an operating frequency of 2.8 MHz. The clock (CLK) corresponds to a square signal with a duty cycle of 50 % and the chip select (CS) is a square waveform of 100 kHz with a duty cycle of 10 %. The input voltage has been chosen to have the worst condition, (i.e. when the ADC output has the maximum number of transitions from 0 to VCC and vice versa). Fig. 1 shows the spectrum of the ADC’s IA measured according to EN 61967-4. The spectrum contains several harmonics due to the CLK and CS signals. The first harmonic is located at 1.4 MHz which corresponds to the frequency of the ADC serial output, and then successive harmonics at even and pair frequencies are produced. All the ADC serial output harmonics present sidebands due to the CS signal. Fig. 2 depicts the return losses parameter (S11) in the power supply pin, which has been obtained by means of a vector network analyzer. The information obtained with S11 is related with the input impedance of the integrated circuit and the characteristics of propagation paths. From these dates, the ICEM model of the ADC converter has been obtained.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version