EFEITO DO CONFORTO TÉRMICO NA OCORRÊNCIA DE DOENÇAS CARDIOVASCULARES EM DIFERENTES GRUPOS ETÁRIOS EM SANTARÉM-PA

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System (DCS) represent one of the greatest risks to morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide. In view of this scenario, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of thermal comfort on the occurrence of DCS in children, young people, adults and elderly in the city of Santarém, west of Pará. Monthly data of temperature and relative humidity of the air collected by the automatic meteorological station of the Wilson Fonseca International Airport, and records of hospitalizations for diseases of the cardiovascular system by place of residence, of the Database of the Informatics Department of the Unified Health system for the period from 1998 to 2018. The Thom discomfort index is an empirical methodology that estimates the thermal conditions of the environment in four different ranges using data of temperature and relative humidity of the air, in the present study this methodology was used to represent the thermal comfort and the Marginal modeling via generalized estimation equations was used to verify the association between thermal conditions of the environment and the number of hospitalizations by DCS, and the relative risk (RR) to assess the degree of effect in Each age group. The results indicate a direct association with statistical significance for all age groups evaluated, with higher RR observed in adults and elderly. It is hoped that these results can collaborate with the understanding of the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in cities in the Amazon.Las enfermedades del sistema cardiovascular (ECS) representan uno de los mayores riesgos para la morbilidad y mortalidad en Brasil y en todo el mundo, investigaciones recientes indican que los factores ambientales pueden contribuir a la incidencia de la ECS. Ante este escenario, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto de la comodidad térmica en la aparición de CSD en niños, jóvenes, adultos y ancianos en la ciudad de Santarém, al oeste de Pará. Los datos mensuales sobre temperatura y humedad relativa recogidos por la estación meteorológica automática del Aeropuerto Internacional Wilson Fonseca, y los registros de hospitalizaciones por enfermedades cardiovasculares por lugar de residencia, fueron utilizados en la Base de Datos del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Unificado de Salud para el período de 1998 a 2018. El Índice thom discomfort es una metodología empírica que estima las condiciones térmicas del medio ambiente en cuatro rangos diferentes utilizando datos de temperatura y humedad relativa, en el presente estudio esta metodología se utilizó para representar el confort térmico y el modelado marginal a través de ecuaciones de estimación generalizada se utilizó para verificar la asociación entre las condiciones térmicas ambientales y el número de hospitalizaciones debido al CSD , y riesgo relativo (RR) para evaluar el grado de efecto en cada grupo de edad. Los resultados indican una asociación directa con la significación estadística para todos los grupos de edad evaluados, con un RR más alto observado en adultos y ancianos. As Doenças do Sistema Cardiovascular (DSC) representam um dos maiores riscos a morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, pesquisas recentes apontam que fatores ambientais podem colaborar com a incidência de DSC. Perante esse cenário, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito do conforto térmico na ocorrência de DSC em crianças, jovens, adultos e idosos na cidade de Santarém, oeste do Pará. Foram utilizados dados mensais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar coletados pela estação meteorológica automática do Aeroporto Internacional Wilson Fonseca, e registros de internações por doenças do aparelho cardiovascular por local de residência, do Banco de Dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde para o período de 1998 a 2018. O Índice de Desconforto de Thom trata-se de uma metodologia empírica que estima as condições térmicas do ambiente em quatro diferentes faixas utilizando dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, no presente estudo essa metodologia foi empregada para representar o conforto térmico e a Modelagem Marginal via Equações de Estimação Generalizadas foi utilizada para verificar a associação entre condições térmicas do ambiente e o número de internamentos por DSC, e o risco relativo (RR) para avaliar o grau do efeito em cada grupo etário. Os resultados apontam associação direta com significância estatística para todos os grupos etários avaliados, com maior RR observado em adultos e idosos. Espera-se que esses resultados possam colaborar com o entendimento da influência de fatores ambientais na ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares em cidades na Amazônia

Fungal community on skin tissue of amphibians collected in the Santarém region, Pará, Brazil / Comunidade de fungos do tecido cutâneo de anfíbios coletados na região de Santarém, Pará, Brasil

Among living beings, the Amphibia Class has unique characteristics. The cutaneous tissue of these animals has properties that provide ideal conditions for the establishment of microorganisms in their skin, which act in several important functions. The present study aimed to characterize the cultivable fungal microbiota of amphibians collected in the Santarém region, Western Pará, Brazil. Two species of toads were captured, totalling 25 individuals, being 15 specimens of Rhinella major and 10 individuals of R. marina. Collections were performed by active search at night, between the months of November 2017 to April 2019. Cutaneous samples were collected by smear in the dorsoventral region of the animal, using a swab soaked in sterile 0.85% saline solution with 10-3 dilution, and grown in Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar culture medium. The animals were euthanized and deposited in the herpetological collection of Federal University of Western Pará. For identification, isolation, morphological characterization and microculture of fungal colonies were used. In total, 75 fungal colonies representative of 11 genera were identified. Penicillium and Aspergillus have been identified as the most representative genera in both amphibian species. There were differences in the composition of the cutaneous mycobiota between R. major and R. marina, but not related to seasonality, which may be linked to the environment they inhabit, as well as to the physiological factors inherent to each species. The present work presents the taxa Absidia, Curvularia, Scopulariopsis and the group mycelia sterilia as new records of fungi associated with the skin tissue of adult anurans. Thus, it is suggested that further studies be carried out in Amazonian environments, with a larger sample size, as well as the use of molecular tools, for a better identification and understanding of the composition of the anuran skin microbiota

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E PARASITOLÓGICA DA ÁGUA DOS BEBEDOUROS DAS ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS DE BELÉM/PA

Water is an indispensable resource for life, so it is imperative that it has adequate quality for ingestion. The objective of the study is to characterize the physical-chemical parameters and the parasitological contamination in the drinking water of public schools in Belém-PA, Brazil. It is a cross-sectional observational study of an analytical nature, with a prospective quantitative and qualitative approach, with 10 water samples that were collected from municipal and state schools in the city of Belém/PA, in the year 2022. The samples were submitted to tests of pH, titratable acidity, refractive index, temperature, density and parasitological analysis. The results obtained for the pH parameter obtained an average of 6.22 and 5.806 for state and municipal schools respectively, the titratable acidity was 0.0096 for state schools and 0.011 for municipal schools. In reference to the refractive index, in the state ones it was 0.2 and in the municipal ones 0.28. With regard to temperature, the means ranged from 22.6°C to 25.3°C; in relation to density, it was found that the average result was 0.872mg/L and 1.104mg/L in state and municipal schools, respectively. During the parasitological analysis, the presence of parasitological structures of protozoa and helminths was not observed. The data from this study showed variations in relation to the standards of potability in the physicochemical analyses, when analyzing the results of the parasitological research, it can be noted that they are satisfactory, however, the importance of studies focused on this subject is verified.El agua es un recurso indispensable para la vida, por lo que es imperativo que tenga la calidad adecuada para su ingestión. El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar los parámetros físico-químicos y la contaminación parasitaria en el agua potable de las escuelas públicas de Belém-PA, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal de carácter analítico, con enfoque prospectivo cuantitativo y cualitativo, con 10 muestras de agua que fueron colectadas de escuelas municipales y estaduales de la ciudad de Belém/PA, en el año 2022. Las muestras fueron sometidas a pruebas de pH, acidez titulable, índice de refracción, temperatura, densidad y análisis parasitológico. Los resultados obtenidos para el parámetro pH obtuvieron un promedio de 6.22 y 5.806 para colegios estatales y municipales respectivamente, la acidez titulable fue de 0.0096 para colegios estatales y 0.011 para colegios municipales. En referencia al índice de refracción, en los estatales fue de 0,2 y en los municipales de 0,28. Con respecto a la temperatura, las medias oscilaron entre 22,6°C y 25,3°C; en relación a la densidad, se encontró que el resultado promedio fue de 0.872mg/L y 1.104mg/L en las escuelas estatales y municipales, respectivamente. Durante el análisis parasitológico no se observó la presencia de estructuras parasitológicas de protozoos y helmintos. Los datos de este estudio mostraron variaciones en relación a los estándares de potabilidad en los análisis fisicoquímicos, al analizar los resultados de la.A água é um recurso essencial para a vida, por isso é imprescindível que ela tenha a qualidade adequada para ingestão. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os parâmetros físico-químicos e a contaminação parasitária na água potável de escolas públicas de Belém-PA, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal de natureza analítica, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa prospectiva, com 10 amostras de água que foram coletadas em escolas municipais e estaduais da cidade de Belém-PA, no ano de 2022. As amostras foram submetidas para testes de pH, acidez titulável, índice de refração, temperatura, densidade e análises parasitológicas. Os resultados obtidos para o parâmetro pH obtiveram média de 6,22 e 5,806 para escolas estaduais e municipais respectivamente, a acidez titulável foi de 0,0096 para escolas estaduais e 0,011 para escolas municipais. Em referência ao índice de refração, nas estaduais foi de 0,2 e nas municipais foi de 0,28. Em relação à temperatura, as médias variaram entre 22,6°C e 25,3°C; em relação à densidade, verificou-se que o resultado médio foi de 0,872mg/L e 1,104mg/L nas escolas estaduais e municipais, respectivamente. Durante a análise parasitológica não foi observada a presença de estruturas parasitológicas de protozoários e helmintos. Os dados deste estudo apresentaram variações em relação aos padrões de potabilidade nas análises físico-químicas, ao analisar os resultados da investigação parasitológica, pode-se apontar que são satisfatórios, porém, a importância dos estudos voltados para este tema é verificado.A água é um recurso indispensável para a vida, desse modo, é imprescindível que esta apresente uma qualidade adequada para a ingestão. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os parâmetros físico-químicos e a contaminação parasitológica na água dos bebedouros das escolas públicas de Belém-PA, Brasil. É um estudo do tipo observacional transversal de natureza analítica, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa prospectivo, com 10 amostras de água que foram coletadas das escolas municipais e estaduais do município de Belém-PA, no ano de 2022. As amostras foram submetidas à testes de pH, acidez titulável, índice de refração, temperatura, densidade e análise parasitológica. Os resultados obtidos para o parâmetro de pH obtiveram média de 6,22 e 5,806 para as escolas estaduais e municipais respectivamente, a acidez titulável foi 0,0096 para as escolas estaduais e 0,011 para as municipais. Em referência ao índice de refração, nas estaduais foi de 0,2 e nas municipais 0,28. No que se refere à temperatura, as médias variaram entre 22,6°C a 25,3°C; em relação à densidade, se verificou que o resultado das médias foi de 0,872mg/L e 1,104mg/L nas escolas estaduais e municipais, respectivamente. Durante as análises parasitológicas não se observou a presença de estruturas parasitológicas de protozoários e helmintos. Os dados deste estudo apresentaram variações em relação às normas de potabilidade nas análises físico-químicas, ao se analisar os resultados da pesquisa parasitológica, pode se notar que estão satisfatórias, contudo, se verifica a importância de estudos voltados para este assunto

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

An immunoenzymatic assay for the diagnosis of hepatitis A utilising immunoglobulin Y

The detection of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody levels by diagnostic kits in the convalescent period of disease generally use immunoglobulin G (IgG), which is expensive. An alternative to IgG is immunoglobulin Y (IgY), an immunoglobulin antibody encountered in birds and reptiles. The aim of this study was to develop a competitive immunoenzymatic assay to measure total anti-HAV antibody levels using anti-HAV IgY as the capture and conjugated immunoglobulins. For this purpose, anti-HAV IgY was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the optimal dilution of HRP-conjugated antibodies was evaluated to establish the competitive immuneenzymatic assay. The results obtained from our "in-house" assay were plotted on a receiver operator curve, which showed a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98.8%, demonstrating that a competitive anti-HAV IgY immunoenzymatic assay developed "in house" could be used as an alternative to commercial assays that utilise IgG

Finishing plant diet supplemented with microalgae meal increases the docosahexaenoic acid content in Colossoma macropomum flesh

The need for a sustainable aquaculture is increasing the use of plant ingredients in replacement to fishmeal and fish oil in diets for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, which is leading to not detectable levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in its flesh. We evaluated the effect of a finishing plant diet supplemented with 5% of microalgae meal from Schizochytrium sp. (MD) on tambaqui growth, on proximal composition and fatty acid content of its flesh, comparing it to a non-supplemented diet. One hundred and sixty-two fish (489.67 g) were distributed into six tanks (2,000 L) and fed the experimental diets for a 90-day period. Three fish per tank were euthanized for analyses every 15 days. The MD did not affect the growth and proximal composition of fish flesh. The MD increased the DHA content (from 14.81 to 38.60 mg/g of lipids) and the n-3:n-6 ratio (from 0.16 to 0.51) in the flesh of fish, beginning on the 15th day and reaching the highest DHA content on the 71st day (39.81 mg/g of lipids). We recommend C. macropomum to be fed with a finishing diet supplemented with microalgae meal for 71 days before slaughter to improve the DHA content and n-3:n-6 ratio in the flesh. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Lt