Programme D'aide À La Création Des Pme En Algérie: Cas De L'agence Nationale De Gestion De Micro Crédit

This study examines how microcredit improved entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies as a mechanism of economic growth and to reduce poverty and financial inequalities, particularly in Algeria. This is using National Microcredit Agency as a case study and based on a microdata survey of 150 beneficiaries of this type of financing in the Wilaya of Mascara. The results show a strong correlation between microcredit and the number of SMEs created. Microcredit has deployed the number of SMEs by 37.9%. Still, on the other hand, the effect of microcredit in rural areas is not similar to that observed in urban areas.Le présent article cherche à savoir comment le micro crédit encourage l'activité entrepreneuriale dans les économies émergentes, en tant que mécanisme de croissance économique et de réduction de la pauvreté, en particulier en Algérie en prenant l’exemple de l'agence nationale de gestion de microcrédit et en se basant sur une enquête auprès de 150 bénéficiaires de ce type de financement au niveau de la wilaya de Mascara. D’après les résultats on constate l’existence d’une forte corrélation entre le microcrédit et le nombre de PME crées; d’une part le microcrédit a déployé le nombre de PME de 37,9% mais d’autre part on enregistre que l’effet du microcrédit dans les zones rurales n’est pas semblable à l’effet constaté dans les zones urbaines. JEL Classification: G21, A12, C40

Evolution de la dynamique hydrosédimentaire des étangs de moyenne montagne sous la double influence urbaine et agricole : cas de l’étang de Haute-Jarrie (Isère : France)

L’évolution rapide de la dynamique urbaine dans les secteurs montagneux a certes été bénéfique pour l’homme mais néfaste pour les écosystèmes et leur biodiversité. Véritables espaces de récréation et de loisirs, les étangs ont progressivement acquis le label de lieux de découvertes et de sensibilisation à l’environnement. Face à la pression démographique enregistrée sur les trente dernières années dans les principales vallées alpines et l’extension urbaine engendrée, des menaces sérieuses de dégradation, voire de disparition de ces entités environnementales ont été enregistrées. Les lacs, les étangs et les mares subissent pleinement les contrecoups de cette dynamique ; ils voient leurs espaces se réduire progressivement et se détacher de leur continuum hydrologique suite à des modifications aigues à caractère anthropique (perturbation du réseau hydrographique, pompages directs dans les aquifères sous-jacents, pratiques agricoles inadaptées,…). Face à ce constat, des actions de protection et de préservation ont été lancées en réponse à des attentes locales et surtout sous l’impulsion des différentes lois et directives qui se sont succédé sur les trente dernières années (loi sur l’eau du 03 janvier. 1992, LEMA : Loi sur l’Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques, 2006, DCE : Directive Cadre sur l’Eau,…). L’étang de Jarrie en Isère est un exemple concret et le témoin direct de cette dynamique urbaine et son impact sur l’environnement. La réduction des espaces agricoles sur le plateau de Haute-Jarrie et l’occupation des secteurs humides proches du plan d’eau favorisent l’érosion et modifient considérablement les caractéristiques des sols et plus largement la dynamique hydrosédimentaire (Robert, 1996). Les épisodes pluvieux à forte intensité contribuent activement au détachement des particules fines (< 7µm) des terres agricoles voisines et leur transfert soit par écoulement concentré le long des sillons (labour) soit par écoulement diffus (en nappe) vers le plan d’eau. Celui-ci a perdu près des 2/3 de son volume en eau durant les deux dernières décennies. Face à ce phénomène, des actions de remédiation (curage, fossés de décantation) ont été entreprises pour réduire le volume des dépôts solides et augmenter les réserves hydriques. L’étude que nous avons réalisée avait un double objectif : 1) quantifier le ruissellement et les volumes sédimentaires associés et la mesure des effets des activités anthropiques sur la dynamique hydrosédimentaire du bassin versant, 2) puis proposer des solutions rapides pour atténuer ce déséquilibre par la création de canaux de décantation et l’élargissement des fossés naturels susceptibles de piéger une partie des flux sédimentaires.The rapid developmentof urban inmountainous areashas certainly beenbeneficialto humansbut harmful toecosystems andtheir biodiversity. The recreation areas and ponds have becomeplaces ofdiscovery andenvironmental awareness over time. Faced withdemographic pressurerecordedover the past thirtyyears in the mainAlpine valleysand gradual urban disappearance, the threat of degradationor evendisappearance oftheenvironmental entitieshassignificantly increased. Lakes and ponds are affected by these dynamic changes, which reduce their surface areasand detach them from theirhydrologiccontinuum, thus lead to theirextinction. Given this situation, protection initiativeshave been launchedin response tolocalneeds, in particularly under the effects of various lawsanddirectives (Water law of03January 1992, LEMA : Loi sur l’Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques, 2006, DCE : Directive Cadre sur l’Eau). PondJarrie (Isère, France)is a typical example of theurban dynamicsand its impact onthe environment. The reductionof farmlandon the plateau ofHaute-Jarrie as well as the wetlands occupationnear the water bodiescause an erosionandsignificant change in the characteristics of thesoiland more widely the hydro-sedimentary dynamic. The intensive rainstorms actively contribute to the detachment of fine particles of neighboring farmland and the transfer of fine sediment (<7μm) into the water. It has been lost almost two thirds of its water volume during the last two decades. Faced with this phenomenon, remedial actions (cleaning) have been taken in order to reduce the volume of solid deposits and increase the water reserves. This study has focused on two objectives: Firstly, the quantification of the componentsof the water balanceand measuring the effectsof human activities onthehydro-sedimentary dynamicsof the watershed. Secondly, we offer quicksolutionsto reducethis imbalancebycreating a settling channelsand an expansion ofnaturalditchesto reducesediment flows.Die schnelle Entwicklung der Bebauung in den Gebirgsregionen ist sicherlich für den Menschen positiv gewesen, aber verheerend für die Ökosysteme und ihre Artenvielfalt. Als richtiggehende Erholungs- und Freizeitgebiete sind Weiher nach und nach Ein Inbegriff für Entdeckungen und Umweltbewusstsein geworden. Angesichts des demographischen Drucks, den man in den letzten dreißig Jahren in den größeren Alpentälern beobachten konnte, und der damit einhergehenden Zersiedelung zeigt sich, dass die Qualität dieser Umwelteinheiten ernsthaft bedroht ist beziehungsweise sie sogar verschwinden. Die Seen, Teiche und Weiher sind den negativen Auswirkungen dieser Dynamik ausgesetzt ; ihr Gebiet wird zunehmend reduziert und auf Grund von akuten menschlichen Eingriffen (Störungen der Flusssysteme, direktes Pumpen aus den Grundwasserleitern, unangepasste landwirtschaftliche Praktiken) aus dem hydrologischen Kontinuum gelöst. Dieser Beobachtung stehen Maßnahmen zu Schutz und Erhaltung gegenüber, die auf lokale Initiativen zurückgehen oder aus den verschiedenen Gesetzen und Richtlinien resultieren, die in den letzten dreißig Jahren erlassen wurden (wie die französischen Wassergesetze vom 3. Januar 1992 und von 2006 (LEMA) und die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie von 2000). Der Weiher von Jarrie im Département Isère ist ein konkretes Beispiel und ein direkter Zeuge dieser Bebauungsdynamik und ihrer Auswirkung auf die Umwelt. Die Reduzierung der landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen auf der Hochebene von Haute-Jarrie und die Besiedelung von Feuchtgebieten nahe des Weihers begünstigen die Erosion und verändern erheblich die Bodeneigenschaften und in weiterem Sinne die Wassersedimentierung (Robert, 1996). Intensive Niederschläge tragen aktiv zur Ablösung feiner Partikel (< 7µm) der benachbarten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen sowie zu ihrer Verlagerung bei, die entweder durch konzentrierten Abfluss entlang der Ackerfurchen oder durch diffusen Abfluss (über das Grundwasser) bis zum stehenden Gewässer erfolgt. Dieses hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zwei Drittel seines Volumens verloren. Angesichts dieses Phänomens wurden verschiedene Maßnahmen ergriffen (Ausbaggern, Sedimentierungsgräben), um das Volumen der Sedimente zu reduzieren und die Wasserreserve zu vergrößern. Die von uns realisierte Studie hatte ein doppeltes Ziel : 1. den Abfluss und das damit einhergehende Sedimentvolumen zu messen und damit auch die Auswirkungen der menschlichen Eingriffe auf die Wassersedimentierungsdynamik des Niederschlagsgebiets, und daran anschließend 2. schnelle Lösungen vorzuschlagen, um dieses Ungleichgewicht durch die Einrichtung von Dekantierungskanälen und die Verbreiterung von natürlichen Gräben, die einen Teil des Sedimentierungsflusses abfangen können, abzuschwächen

Vectorial Formalism of Polyphase Synchronous Machine With Permanents Magnets

Abstract- This paper presents a mathematical model that transforms the real machine to fictitious machines and our goal is to simulate these and see the behavior of these machines in load. The polyphase machines are developed mainly in the field of variable speed drives of high power because increasing the number of phases on the one hand allows to reduce the dimensions of the components in power modulators energy and secondly to improve the operating safety. By a vector approach (vector space), it is possible to find a set of single-phase machine and / or two-phase fictitious equivalent to polyphase synchronous machine. These fictitious machines are coupled electrically and mechanically but decoupled magnetically. This approach leads to introduce the concept of the equivalent machine (multimachine multiconverter system MMS) which aims to analyze systems composed of multiple machines (or multiple converters) in electric drives. A first classification multimachine multiconverter system follows naturally from MMS formalism. We present an example of a pentaphase (polyphase) synchronous machine for a simulation and study the behavior of the machine load. Keywords: Polyphase machines, multimachine concept, vector space, eigenvectors, eigenvalues, pentaphase machine

Pond Energy Dynamics, Evaporation Rate and Ensemble Deep Learning Evaporation Prediction: Case Study of the Thomas Pond—Brenne Natural Regional Park (France)

The energy of water masses is a first-order factor that controls the essential physicochemical dynamics of a water body. Its study allows one to understand the roots of the processes that occur at the water-mass, water-atmosphere and water-sediment interfaces. The analysis of the Thomas Pond in the Brenne region gives a valuable overview of energy stock evolution on a yearly scale. It highlights the direct impact of this evolution on thermal stratification and the potential for evaporation and exchange with the atmosphere. The study of evaporation remains challenging due to the complexity of the energy processes and factors involved. Its estimation using formulas, which are mostly empirical, is one of the most used means for studying the process. The studied pond shows a natural stratification during the summer season, however often fragile and disturbed by other climatic factors such as wind and precipitation. This disruption leads to increased exchanges between the pond and the atmosphere. The methods used to estimate pond-atmosphere exchanges, namely evaporation, vary in values ranging between 1 mm/d to &gt; 15 mm/d. Among these methods, three stand out and seem to give reasonable values. This observation is based on the noticeable drop of the pond’s water level during the period of non-communication with the outside, which corresponds to 65 mm. The energy required for this evaporation varies between 600 W/m2 and 1500 W/m2, except for the Smith model, that slightly overestimates this parameter. The regulation of ponds’ water volumes by managers, the increased duration of bungs closure and the intermittence of precipitations in recent years exacerbate the reduction of direct inputs to ponds and the aggravates the impacts of a changing climate. Under the effect of increasing air temperatures, losses by evaporation will also increase significantly. If we generalise the results obtained to all of the Brenne Park water bodies (4500 ponds of the park), losses by evaporation will lead to a significant water deficit of the Loire basin. From this study, the use of deep learning ensemble models was found to provide better short-term predictions (RMSE between 0.003 and 0.006 for all methods), thus confirming the effectiveness of these methods for similar applications.</jats:p

Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Roots

Introduction: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a medicinal plant used in alternative medicine for its multiple therapeutic and preventive properties. However, insufficient data are available about its toxicity. Materials and methods: dandelion roots total extract vas prepared by maceration for 24 hours and its toxicity was then assessed on 30 WISTAR male rats divided into four experimental groups receiving the extract at different rates, and one control group treated with the vehicle. Changes in renal, hepatic, lipid, and hematological parameters as well as signs of acute toxicity were noted during 15 days after the one dose extract administration. Results and discussion: The obtained results reveal a very significant (p&lt;0.01) disruption of transaminases but not renal, lipid and hematological parameters. The acute toxicity study demonstrated that dendelion roots extract has low intraperitoneal toxicity with a LD50 ranged between 500 and 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: Dandelion's richness in secondary metabolites and its low in vivo toxicity make it a good candidate as a source of drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Keywords: Dandelion, Acute toxicity, LD50, Transaminases, lipids, hematolog

Vectorial Formalism of Polyphase Synchronous Machine with Permanents Magnets

- This paper presents a mathematical model that transforms the real machine to fictitious machines and our goal is to simulate these and see the behavior of these machines in load. The polyphase machines are developed mainly in the field of variable speed drives of high power because increasing the number of phases on the one hand allows to reduce the dimensions of the components in power modulators energy and secondly to improve the operating safety. By a vector approach (vector space), it is possible to find a set of single-phase machine and / or two-phase fictitious equivalent to polyphase synchronous machine. These fictitious machines are coupled electrically and mechanically but decoupled magnetically. This approach leads to introduce the concept of the equivalent machine (multimachine multiconverter system MMS) which aims to analyze systems composed of multiple machines (or multiple converters) in electric drives. A first classification multimachine multiconverter system follows naturally from MMS formalism. We present an example of a pentaphase (polyphase) synchronous machine for a simulation and study the behavior of the machine load

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Mesurer l'impact des entités linéaires paysagères sur les dynamiques spatiales du ruissellement : une approche par simulation multi-agents

Hydrosedimentary fluxes that run from agricultural plots down to the water streams are currently associated with many social, economic and environmental issues such as diffuse pollution, soil infertility, soil loss, floods, etc. While the genesis of these transfers are well-known at the scale of the agricultural plot, flow dynamics occurring on slopes remain poorly understood. This is especially the case in the small basins located in the north-western part of France, where the landscape mosaic, which includes linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches...), tends to complicate the processes. Analyzing the transfer conditions is important for a further integrated watershed management. Hence, in this paper, we propose to use a multi-agent system as a support decision tool to understand the role of anthropogenic linear networks on runoff pathways. We carried out a so-called bottom-up approach, to measure the effects of the local interactions between each linear element on the global hydrological behavior of the watershed. A first spatial analysis index, characterizing the impact of linear networks in the path of runoff, is constructed here from numerical simulations. The results of this study also tend to demonstrate the relevance of Multi-Agent Systems as diagnostic tools to the hydrosedimentary transfers and processes