136 research outputs found
A spectral gap theorem in simple Lie groups
We establish the spectral gap property for dense subgroups generated by
algebraic elements in any compact simple Lie group, generalizing earlier
results of Bourgain and Gamburd for unitary groups.Comment: 20 page
The odor context facilitates the perception of low-intensity facial expressions of emotion
It has been established that the recognition of facial expressions integrates contextual information. In this study, we aimed to clarify the influence of contextual odors. The participants were asked to match a target face varying in expression intensity with non-ambiguous expressive faces. Intensity variations in the target faces were designed by morphing expressive faces with neutral faces. In addition, the influence of verbal information was assessed by providing half the participants with the emotion names. Odor cues were manipulated by placing participants in a pleasant (strawberry), aversive (butyric acid), or no-odor control context. The results showed two main effects of the odor context. First, the minimum amount of visual information required to perceive an expression was lowered when the odor context was emotionally congruent: happiness was correctly perceived at lower intensities in the faces displayed in the pleasant odor context, and the same phenomenon occurred for disgust and anger in the aversive odor context. Second, the odor context influenced the false perception of expressions that were not used in target faces, with distinct patterns according to the presence of emotion names. When emotion names were provided, the aversive odor context decreased intrusions for disgust ambiguous faces but increased them for anger. When the emotion names were not provided, this effect did not occur and the pleasant odor context elicited an overall increase in intrusions for negative expressions. We conclude that olfaction plays a role in the way facial expressions are perceived in interaction with other contextual influences such as verbal information
Advances in Human-Protein Interaction - Interactive and Immersive Molecular Simulations
International audienc
Rectal cancer with synchronous unresectable metastases: arguments for therapeutic choice
Environ 4 000 patients sont pris en charge chaque année en
France pour un cancer du rectum avec des métastases synchrones
jugées non résécables en réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire
(RCP). Il nâexiste pas de consensus sur la stratĂ©gie
thérapeutique à proposer et parmi les trois options possibles, les
critÚres de choix restent relativement imprécis.
â La chirurgie premiĂšre est certes le meilleur traitement pour
contrĂŽler les symptĂŽmes rectaux mais elle nâa pas dĂ©montrĂ©
quâelle augmentait la survie et la rĂ©sĂ©cabilitĂ© secondaire des
métastases par rapport aux autres options et comporte un
risque de résection incomplÚte, de complications pouvant
retarder ou empĂȘcher la chimiothĂ©rapie, de progression accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e
de la maladie métastatique et de mortalité comprise
entre 1 et 5 %.
â La radio-chimiothĂ©rapie premiĂšre suivie dâune chirurgie permet
le contrÎle des symptÎmes rectaux mais retarde la chimiothérapie
pour les métastases qui dominent le pronostic ; elle
expose aux mĂȘmes risques de complications que la chirurgie
premiĂšre.
â La chimiothĂ©rapie premiĂšre nous paraĂźt intĂ©ressante en
absence de complications locales sévÚres (occlusion, hémorragie)
; elle est potentiellement efficace sur les mĂ©tastases Ă
distance qui conditionnent le pronostic et sur la tumeur primitive
qui répond souvent de maniÚre similaire ; elle ne fige pas
la stratĂ©gie et offre la possibilitĂ© de lâadapter Ă chaque Ă©valuation
selon la réponse, la tolérance et les possibilités de résection
(tumeur primitive et métastases).
Dans tous les cas, il est fondamental de discuter ces dossiers au
cas par cas en RCP pour adapter la stratégie thérapeutique aux
caractĂ©ristiques du patient, de la tumeur primitive et de lâextension
mĂ©tastatique, ainsi quâĂ la rĂ©ponse obtenue aux traitements
proposés successivement.Rectal cancers with synchronous unresectable metastases are
diagnosed in about 4 000 patients. There is yet no consensus on
the therapeutic strategy for these cases which must be discussed
during multidisciplinary meeting. Three options are available
and arguments of choice remain relatively weak.
â First-line resection of the primary rectal tumour is indeed
the best treatment to control rectal symptoms but it does
not seem to improve survival and secondary resectability
of metastases when compared to other options; moreover
incomplete resection or complications may delay chemotherapy, accelerate the metastastic process and mortality
rate ranges from 1 to 5%.
â First-line radio-chemotherapy followed by surgery allows for
controlling rectal symptoms but delays chemotherapy for
metastases dominating the prognosis; it exposes the patients
to the same morbidity and mortality as first-line surgery.
â First-line chemotherapy is the third valid option in the absence
of major rectal symptoms (occlusion, haemorrhage); chemotherapy
is potentially efficient on distant metastases bearing a
high prognosis impact and on the primary rectal tumour, which
often has a similar response. First-line chemotherapy allows
for adapting the therapeutic strategy after each evaluation
according to the tumour response, side effects and possibility
of resection (primary rectal tumour and metastases).
In all cases, medical records of such patients should be discussed
during a multidisciplinary meeting to adapt the therapeutic
strategy to the patientâs characteristics, primary rectal tumor,
metastases staging and evolution
Adipose Tissue Is a Neglected Viral Reservoir and an Inflammatory Site during Chronic HIV and SIV Infection
International audienceTwo of the crucial aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are (i) viral persistence in reservoirs (precluding viral eradication) and (ii) chronic inflammation (directly associated with all-cause morbidities in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-controlled HIV-infected patients). The objective of the present study was to assess the potential involvement of adipose tissue in these two aspects. Adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF); the latter comprises immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages (both of which are important target cells for HIV). The inflammatory potential of adipose tissue has been extensively described in the context of obesity. During HIV infection, the inflammatory profile of adipose tissue has been revealed by the occurrence of lipodystrophies (primarily related to ART). Data on the impact of HIV on the SVF (especially in individuals not receiving ART) are scarce. We first analyzed the impact of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in SIVmac251 infected macaques and found that both adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells were affected. The adipocyte density was elevated, and adipose tissue immune cells presented enhanced immune activation and/or inflammatory profiles. We detected cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA in the SVF and in sorted CD4+ T cells and macrophages from adipose tissue. We demonstrated that SVF cells (including CD4+ T cells) are infected in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. Importantly, the production of HIV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization, and after the in vitro reactivation of sorted CD4+ T cells from adipose tissue. We thus identified adipose tissue as a crucial cofactor in both viral persistence and chronic immune activation/inflammation during HIV infection. These observations open up new therapeutic strategies for limiting the size of the viral reservoir and decreasing low-grade chronic inflammation via the modulation of adipose tissue-related pathway
Vuorovaikutteisen suunnittelun haasteet ja mahdollisuudet metsÀtalouden vesiensuojelussa
Rapport de l'expertise scientifique collectiveLes animaux peuvent-ils Ă©prouver des Ă©motions, peuvent-ils penser, ont-ils une histoire de vie ? Depuis lâAntiquitĂ©, les philosophes ont proposĂ© des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es Ă ces questions. Du XIXĂšme siĂšcle Ă nos jours, la rĂ©flexion sur ce que sont les animaux sâest enrichie dâapports scientifiques : thĂ©orie de lâĂ©volution, Ă©thologie, neurophysiologie, sciences cognitives. Mais la conscience animale reste toujours lâobjet de dĂ©bats importants dans la communautĂ© scientifique. Ainsi en 2012 un groupe de scientifiques de premier plan a Ă©prouvĂ© la nĂ©cessitĂ© de publier un manifeste intitulĂ© « DĂ©claration de Cambridge sur la Conscience », qui Ă©nonce quâ«âŠune convergence de preuves indique que les animaux non humains disposent des substrats neuro-anatomiques, neurochimiques et neurophysiologiques des Ă©tats conscients ainsi que la capacitĂ© dâexprimer des comportements intentionnels...».Les connaissances actuelles, dont cette expertise collective propose une synthĂšse, montrent que les animaux possĂšdent un large Ă©ventail de capacitĂ©s cognitives associĂ©es Ă des comportements plus ou moins complexes. Les formes de conscience Ă©tudiĂ©es chez les humains supposent des capacitĂ©s cognitives distinctes que lâon retrouve chez certains animaux. Peut-on en postuler que ceux-ci ont des formes de consciences Ă©quivalentes Ă celles de lâhomme, sans ĂȘtre forcĂ©ment identiques ?LâĂ©tude des niveaux et des contenus de la conscience chez les animaux est en passe de devenir un enjeu scientifique important en raison de la complexitĂ© du sujet et des controverses quâil ne manquera pas de susciter. Enfin, les acquis scientifiques dans ce domaine invitent Ă reprendre les rĂ©flexions morales concernant les relations que les hommes entretiennent avec les animaux (et particuliĂšrement avec les animaux domestiques
Epidémiologie des infections nosocomiales à SARM au CHU de Brest du 1er janvier 2004 au 31 décembre 2007 (impact des consommations de produits hydro-alcooliques et d'antibiotiques)
BREST-BU MĂ©decine-Odontologie (290192102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
Nephrectomie partielle laparoscopique (évaluation de la morbidité et des résultats oncologiques à moyen terme dans le traitement des tumeurs du sein)
ANGERS-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF
Odour-guided social behaviour in newborn and young cats: an analytical survey.
International audienc
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