136 research outputs found

    A spectral gap theorem in simple Lie groups

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    We establish the spectral gap property for dense subgroups generated by algebraic elements in any compact simple Lie group, generalizing earlier results of Bourgain and Gamburd for unitary groups.Comment: 20 page

    The odor context facilitates the perception of low-intensity facial expressions of emotion

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    It has been established that the recognition of facial expressions integrates contextual information. In this study, we aimed to clarify the influence of contextual odors. The participants were asked to match a target face varying in expression intensity with non-ambiguous expressive faces. Intensity variations in the target faces were designed by morphing expressive faces with neutral faces. In addition, the influence of verbal information was assessed by providing half the participants with the emotion names. Odor cues were manipulated by placing participants in a pleasant (strawberry), aversive (butyric acid), or no-odor control context. The results showed two main effects of the odor context. First, the minimum amount of visual information required to perceive an expression was lowered when the odor context was emotionally congruent: happiness was correctly perceived at lower intensities in the faces displayed in the pleasant odor context, and the same phenomenon occurred for disgust and anger in the aversive odor context. Second, the odor context influenced the false perception of expressions that were not used in target faces, with distinct patterns according to the presence of emotion names. When emotion names were provided, the aversive odor context decreased intrusions for disgust ambiguous faces but increased them for anger. When the emotion names were not provided, this effect did not occur and the pleasant odor context elicited an overall increase in intrusions for negative expressions. We conclude that olfaction plays a role in the way facial expressions are perceived in interaction with other contextual influences such as verbal information

    Rectal cancer with synchronous unresectable metastases: arguments for therapeutic choice

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    Environ 4 000 patients sont pris en charge chaque annĂ©e en France pour un cancer du rectum avec des mĂ©tastases synchrones jugĂ©es non rĂ©sĂ©cables en rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP). Il n’existe pas de consensus sur la stratĂ©gie thĂ©rapeutique Ă  proposer et parmi les trois options possibles, les critĂšres de choix restent relativement imprĂ©cis. – La chirurgie premiĂšre est certes le meilleur traitement pour contrĂŽler les symptĂŽmes rectaux mais elle n’a pas dĂ©montrĂ© qu’elle augmentait la survie et la rĂ©sĂ©cabilitĂ© secondaire des mĂ©tastases par rapport aux autres options et comporte un risque de rĂ©section incomplĂšte, de complications pouvant retarder ou empĂȘcher la chimiothĂ©rapie, de progression accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e de la maladie mĂ©tastatique et de mortalitĂ© comprise entre 1 et 5 %. – La radio-chimiothĂ©rapie premiĂšre suivie d’une chirurgie permet le contrĂŽle des symptĂŽmes rectaux mais retarde la chimiothĂ©rapie pour les mĂ©tastases qui dominent le pronostic ; elle expose aux mĂȘmes risques de complications que la chirurgie premiĂšre. – La chimiothĂ©rapie premiĂšre nous paraĂźt intĂ©ressante en absence de complications locales sĂ©vĂšres (occlusion, hĂ©morragie) ; elle est potentiellement efficace sur les mĂ©tastases Ă  distance qui conditionnent le pronostic et sur la tumeur primitive qui rĂ©pond souvent de maniĂšre similaire ; elle ne fige pas la stratĂ©gie et offre la possibilitĂ© de l’adapter Ă  chaque Ă©valuation selon la rĂ©ponse, la tolĂ©rance et les possibilitĂ©s de rĂ©section (tumeur primitive et mĂ©tastases). Dans tous les cas, il est fondamental de discuter ces dossiers au cas par cas en RCP pour adapter la stratĂ©gie thĂ©rapeutique aux caractĂ©ristiques du patient, de la tumeur primitive et de l’extension mĂ©tastatique, ainsi qu’à la rĂ©ponse obtenue aux traitements proposĂ©s successivement.Rectal cancers with synchronous unresectable metastases are diagnosed in about 4 000 patients. There is yet no consensus on the therapeutic strategy for these cases which must be discussed during multidisciplinary meeting. Three options are available and arguments of choice remain relatively weak. – First-line resection of the primary rectal tumour is indeed the best treatment to control rectal symptoms but it does not seem to improve survival and secondary resectability of metastases when compared to other options; moreover incomplete resection or complications may delay chemotherapy, accelerate the metastastic process and mortality rate ranges from 1 to 5%. – First-line radio-chemotherapy followed by surgery allows for controlling rectal symptoms but delays chemotherapy for metastases dominating the prognosis; it exposes the patients to the same morbidity and mortality as first-line surgery. – First-line chemotherapy is the third valid option in the absence of major rectal symptoms (occlusion, haemorrhage); chemotherapy is potentially efficient on distant metastases bearing a high prognosis impact and on the primary rectal tumour, which often has a similar response. First-line chemotherapy allows for adapting the therapeutic strategy after each evaluation according to the tumour response, side effects and possibility of resection (primary rectal tumour and metastases). In all cases, medical records of such patients should be discussed during a multidisciplinary meeting to adapt the therapeutic strategy to the patient’s characteristics, primary rectal tumor, metastases staging and evolution

    Adipose Tissue Is a Neglected Viral Reservoir and an Inflammatory Site during Chronic HIV and SIV Infection

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    International audienceTwo of the crucial aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are (i) viral persistence in reservoirs (precluding viral eradication) and (ii) chronic inflammation (directly associated with all-cause morbidities in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-controlled HIV-infected patients). The objective of the present study was to assess the potential involvement of adipose tissue in these two aspects. Adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF); the latter comprises immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages (both of which are important target cells for HIV). The inflammatory potential of adipose tissue has been extensively described in the context of obesity. During HIV infection, the inflammatory profile of adipose tissue has been revealed by the occurrence of lipodystrophies (primarily related to ART). Data on the impact of HIV on the SVF (especially in individuals not receiving ART) are scarce. We first analyzed the impact of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in SIVmac251 infected macaques and found that both adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells were affected. The adipocyte density was elevated, and adipose tissue immune cells presented enhanced immune activation and/or inflammatory profiles. We detected cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA in the SVF and in sorted CD4+ T cells and macrophages from adipose tissue. We demonstrated that SVF cells (including CD4+ T cells) are infected in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. Importantly, the production of HIV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization, and after the in vitro reactivation of sorted CD4+ T cells from adipose tissue. We thus identified adipose tissue as a crucial cofactor in both viral persistence and chronic immune activation/inflammation during HIV infection. These observations open up new therapeutic strategies for limiting the size of the viral reservoir and decreasing low-grade chronic inflammation via the modulation of adipose tissue-related pathway

    Vuorovaikutteisen suunnittelun haasteet ja mahdollisuudet metsÀtalouden vesiensuojelussa

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    Rapport de l'expertise scientifique collectiveLes animaux peuvent-ils Ă©prouver des Ă©motions, peuvent-ils penser, ont-ils une histoire de vie ? Depuis l’AntiquitĂ©, les philosophes ont proposĂ© des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es Ă  ces questions. Du XIXĂšme siĂšcle Ă  nos jours, la rĂ©flexion sur ce que sont les animaux s’est enrichie d’apports scientifiques : thĂ©orie de l’évolution, Ă©thologie, neurophysiologie, sciences cognitives. Mais la conscience animale reste toujours l’objet de dĂ©bats importants dans la communautĂ© scientifique. Ainsi en 2012 un groupe de scientifiques de premier plan a Ă©prouvĂ© la nĂ©cessitĂ© de publier un manifeste intitulĂ© « DĂ©claration de Cambridge sur la Conscience », qui Ă©nonce qu’« une convergence de preuves indique que les animaux non humains disposent des substrats neuro-anatomiques, neurochimiques et neurophysiologiques des Ă©tats conscients ainsi que la capacitĂ© d’exprimer des comportements intentionnels...».Les connaissances actuelles, dont cette expertise collective propose une synthĂšse, montrent que les animaux possĂšdent un large Ă©ventail de capacitĂ©s cognitives associĂ©es Ă  des comportements plus ou moins complexes. Les formes de conscience Ă©tudiĂ©es chez les humains supposent des capacitĂ©s cognitives distinctes que l’on retrouve chez certains animaux. Peut-on en postuler que ceux-ci ont des formes de consciences Ă©quivalentes Ă  celles de l’homme, sans ĂȘtre forcĂ©ment identiques ?L’étude des niveaux et des contenus de la conscience chez les animaux est en passe de devenir un enjeu scientifique important en raison de la complexitĂ© du sujet et des controverses qu’il ne manquera pas de susciter. Enfin, les acquis scientifiques dans ce domaine invitent Ă  reprendre les rĂ©flexions morales concernant les relations que les hommes entretiennent avec les animaux (et particuliĂšrement avec les animaux domestiques

    Methodological Review and Revision of the Global Hunger Index

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    Odour-guided social behaviour in newborn and young cats: an analytical survey.

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    International audienc
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