12 research outputs found
Characterization of Fiber Types in Different Muscles of the Hindlimb in Female Weanling and Adult Wistar Rats
We analyzed lesser diameter and distribution of fiber types in different skeletal muscles from female Wistar rats using a histoenzymology Myofibrillar Adenosine Tri-phosphatase (mATPase) method. Fragments from muscles were frozen and processed by mATPase in different pH. Adult and weanling rat soleus muscles presented a predominance of type I fibers and larger fiber diameters. In the plantar muscle in adult rats, the type IIB fibers demonstrated greater lesser diameter while in the weanling animals, types I and IIB fibers were larger. The plantar muscle of animals of both ages was composed predominantly of the type IID fibers. The type IID fibers were observed in similar amounts in the lateral gastrocnemius and the medial gastrocnemius muscles. Type IIB fibers showed predominance and presented higher size in comparison with other types in the EDL muscle. The present study shows that data on fiber type distribution and fiber lesser diameter obtained in adult animals cannot always be applied to weanling animals of the same species. Using the mATPase, despite the difficult handling, is an important tool to determine the different characteristics of the specific fibers in the skeletal muscle tissue
Three days of intermittent stretching after muscle disuse alters the proteins involved in force transmission in muscle fibers in weanling rats
Analysis of adaptive muscular responses to stretching and eccentric exercises applied after immobilization of the hindlimb in female rats in postnatal development
O presente estudo analisou as mudanças e adaptações geradas pelos protocolos de alongamento e exercício excêntrico nos músculos sóleo e plantar, após 10 dias de imobilização do membro posterior de ratas em desenvolvimento pós-natal. Para isso, 45 ratas da raça Wistar, com 21 dias de idade, foram divididas em 10 grupos: grupo imobilizado (GI); grupo imobilizado e treinado excentricamente por 10 dias (GITE(10)) ou 21 dias (GITE(21)); grupo imobilizado e alongado por 10 dias (GIAL(10)) ou 21 dias (GIAL(21)); grupo anestesiado (GA); grupo controle de 21 dias de idade (GC(zero)); grupo controle do imobilizado de 31 dias de idade (GC(Imob)); grupo controle de 10 dias com 41 dias de idade (GC(10)); grupo controle de 21 dias com 52 dias de idade (GC(21)). A imobilização foi aplicada por 10 dias no membro posterior direito dos animais, a fim de manter a posição de encurtamento dos músculos sóleo e plantar. Posteriormente, as ratas do GITE(10) e GITE(21) passaram pelo período de treino excêntrico em esteira declinada, por 40 minutos. Enquanto os animais do GIAL(10) e GIAL(21) foram submetidos ao alongamento mantido por 40 minutos, através da fixação da dorsiflexão máxima permitida pelo tornozelo. Após os protocolos, os fragmentos dos músculos sóleo e plantar foram retirados e submetidos às reações histoquímica, imunoistoquímica e bioquímica. Análise qualitativa e quantitativa (isoformas de MHC, proporção de fibras, diâmetro menor e relação capilar/fibra) foram realizadas. Para análise estatística foi usado o Modelo Linear de Efeitos Mistos com nível de significância de 5% e Intervalo de Confiança de 95%. A partir da análise temporal do desenvolvimento muscular dos animais, foram observadas características de imaturidade dos músculos sóleo e plantar (fibras arredondadas, núcleos volumosos, reatividade do tecido), principalmente em animais com 21 e 31 dias de idade. Aumento progressivo do diâmetro das fibras e da relação capilar/fibra, em ambos os músculos, foram observados. O predomínio de FT1 e maior expressão da MHCI já estavam evidentes no músculo sóleo, mesmo de animais com 21 dias de idade. O músculo plantar apresentou predomínio de FT2D na análise da mATPase, e a avaliação das isoformas indicou predomínio da MHCIId e MHCIIb. O procedimento de imobilização desencadeou alta reatividade do tecido, redução do diâmetro de todos os tipos de fibras, mudança na proporção das fibras (redução de FT1 no sóleo e aumento de FT2D no plantar) e na expressão das isoformas de MHC, e queda do número de capilares transversais. A aplicação do alongamento e exercício excêntrico provocou adaptações importantes como o aumento do diâmetro das fibras, modificação da proporção das fibras e aumento da relação capilar/fibra, em ambos os músculos. Da análise morfológica, o músculo sóleo apresentou maior reatividade, quando comparado ao músculo plantar, com grande quantidade de núcleos centralizados e halo basofílico. O treino excêntrico foi capaz de intensificar as respostas hipertrófica e angiogênica, principalmente no período de 21 dias de reabilitação. Portanto, o desenvolvimento muscular normal foi acompanhado por adaptações importantes que correspondem ao avançar da idade juntamente com o aumento da demanda funcional nessa fase. O dispositivo de imobilização foi eficaz para promover o desuso e encurtamento dos músculos avaliados. Diferenças nítidas entre a resposta adaptativa dos músculos sóleo e plantar são observadas em ambos os protocolos de reabilitação no animal bebê.This study analyzed changes and adaptations in the soleus and plantar muscles induced by stretching and eccentric exercise protocols applied after 10 days immobilization of the hindlimb in developing female rats. Fortyfive Wistar female rats, 21 days old, were divided into 10 groups: Immobilized (IG); Immobilized and trained eccentrically for 10 days (IEG(10)) or 21 days (IEG(21)); Immobilized and stretched for 10 days (ISG(10)) or 21 days (ISG(21)); Anesthetized (AG); Control, 21 days old (CG(zero)); Control of immobilized group, 31 days old (CG(Immob)); Control group of 10 days, 41 days old (CG(10)) or 21 days, 52 days old (CG(21)). The animals had the right hindlimb immobilized for 10 days keeping the soleus and plantar mucles in a shortened position. Rats in the IEG(10) and IEG(21) groups were further submitted to eccentric training in a declining threadmill for 40 minutes, while the ones in groups ISG(10) and ISG(21) were stretched for 40 minutes by fixing the maximum ankle dorsiflexion. Fragments of the soleus and plantar muscles were removed and analyzed by histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical assays, after sacrifice of the animals. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were made of Myosin Heavy-Chain (MHC) isoforms, fiber proportion, minimum diameter and capillary/fiber ratio. Data was statistically analyzed by the method of Mixed Effects Linear Models with a significance level of 5% and confidence interval of 95%. Temporal analysis of muscle development suggested immaturity of soleus and plantar muscles (rounded fibers, voluminous nuclei and tissue reactivity) specially in animals aged from 21-31 days. Progressive increase of fiber diameter and the capillary/ fiber ratio was also observed. Predominance of FT1 fibers and higher MHCI expression were already evident in the soleus muscle even in 21 days old animals. Analysis of mATPase showed that FT2D fibers were predominant in the plantar muscle as were the isoforms MHCIId and MHCIIb. Immobilization produced high tissue reactivity, diameter reduction in all fiber types, changes in fiber proportion (reduction of FT1 in the soleus and increase of FT2D numbers in the plantar muscles) and MHC isoform expressions and decreased number of transversal capillars. Both, stretching and eccentric exercises induced important adaptations like increased fiber diameter, modified fiber proportions and increased capillary/ fiber ratios in the soleus and plantar muscles. Morphological analysis indicated that the soleus was more reactive as compared to the plantar muscle, showing large quantities of centralized nuclei and a basophilic halo. Eccentric training induced greater hypertrophic and angiogenic responses, specially during the 21 days rehabilitation. Thus, normal muscular development in this phase was accompanied by major adaptations, which correspond to advancing age and increased functional demand. The immobilization apparatus was efficient in preventing use and promoting shortening of the muscles evaluated. Sharp differences between adaptive responses of soleus and plantar muscles were observed in both rehabilitation protocols applied to baby animals
Changes in postnatal skeletal muscle development induced by alternative immobilization model in female rat
The objective of this study was to adapt a model of hind limb immobilization to newly weaned female rats and to determine the morphology of shortened soleus and plantaris muscles. Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control zero (n = 3) and control and free (n = 8), animals aged 21 and 31 days, respectively, submitted to no intervention, and immobilized (n = 25), animals aged 21 days submitted to immobilization for 10 days and sacrificed at 31 days of age. The device used for immobilization had advantages such as easy connection, good fit, and low cost. The immobilized rats showed a reduction in muscle fiber area and in connective tissue. The adaptation of this immobilization model originally used for adult rats was an excellent alternative for newly weaned rats and was also efficient in inducing significant hind limb disuse