Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from root extract of Lepidium draba weed

In the present study, Lepidium draba root was used to fabricate silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The NPs produced with different amounts of this weed root extract were analyzed by Fourier transform-IR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and FE-SEM and TEM techniques were also used to morphologically investigate the particles’ crystal structure. Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli were then utilized to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Ag NPs. SEM showed the formation of Ag NPs dispersed within the size range of 20–80 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the average crystalline size of synthesized Ag NPs was 24 nm. The results indicated that by increasing the concentrations of the root extract of L. draba, one can obtain smaller sized Ag NPs. The antimicrobial activity of those Ag NPs that had undergone green synthesis was more effective than that of corresponding silver ions

Differences in Germination of ACCase-Resistant Biotypes Containing Isoleucine-1781-Leucine Mutation and Susceptible Biotypes of Wild Oat (Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana)

Herbicide resistance can affect seed germination and the optimal conditions required for seed germination, which in turn may impose a fitness cost in resistant populations. Winter wild oat [Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet and Magne] is a serious weed in cereal fields. In this study, the molecular basis of resistance to an ACCase herbicide, clodinafop-propargyl, in four A. ludoviciana biotypes was assessed. Germination differences between susceptible (S) and ACCase-resistant biotypes (WR1, WR2, WR3, WR4) and the effect of Isoleucine-1781-Leucine mutation on germination were also investigated through germination models. The results indicated that WR1 and WR4 were very highly resistant (RI > 214.22) to clodinafop-propargyl-contained Isoleucine to Leucine amino acid substitution. However, Isoleucine-1781-Leucine mutation was not detected in other very highly resistant biotypes. Germination studies indicated that resistant biotypes (in particular WR1 and WR4) had higher base water potentials than the susceptible one. This shows that resistant biotypes need more soil water to initiate their germination. However, the hydrotime constant for germination was higher in resistant biotypes than in the susceptible one in most cases, showing faster germination in susceptible biotypes. ACCase-resistant biotypes containing the Isoleucine-1781-Leucine mutation had lower seed weight but used more seed reserve to produce seedlings. Hence, integrated management practices such as stale seedbed and implementing it at the right time could be used to take advantage of the differential soil water requirement and relatively late germination characteristics of ACCase-resistant biotypes