Gli3 Controls Corpus Callosum Formation by Positioning Midline Guideposts During Telencephalic Patterning

The corpus callosum (CC) represents the major forebrain commissure connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres. Midline crossing of callosal axons is controlled by several glial and neuronal guideposts specifically located along the callosal path, but it remains unknown how these cells acquire their position. Here, we show that the Gli3 hypomorphic mouse mutant Polydactyly Nagoya (Pdn) displays agenesis of the CC and mislocation of the glial and neuronal guidepost cells. Using transplantation experiments, we demonstrate that agenesis of the CC is primarily caused by midline defects. These defects originate during telencephalic patterning and involve an up-regulation of Slit2 expression and altered Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mutations in sprouty1/2 which mimic the changes in these signaling pathways cause a disorganization of midline guideposts and CC agenesis. Moreover, a partial recovery of midline abnormalities in Pdn/Pdn;Slit2−/− embryos mutants confirms the functional importance of correct Slit2 expression levels for callosal development. Hence, Gli3 controlled restriction of Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and of Slit2 expression is crucial for positioning midline guideposts and callosal developmen

Gli3 Controls Corpus Callosum Formation by Positioning Midline Guideposts During Telencephalic Patterning

The corpus callosum (CC) represents the major forebrain commissure connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres. Midline crossing of callosal axons is controlled by several glial and neuronal guideposts specifically located along the callosal path, but it remains unknown how these cells acquire their position. Here, we show that the Gli3 hypomorphic mouse mutant Polydactyly Nagoya (Pdn) displays agenesis of the CC and mislocation of the glial and neuronal guidepost cells. Using transplantation experiments, we demonstrate that agenesis of the CC is primarily caused by midline defects. These defects originate during telencephalic patterning and involve an up-regulation of Slit2 expression and altered Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mutations in sprouty1/2 which mimic the changes in these signaling pathways cause a disorganization of midline guideposts and CC agenesis. Moreover, a partial recovery of midline abnormalities in Pdn/Pdn;Slit2(-/-) embryos mutants confirms the functional importance of correct Slit2 expression levels for callosal development. Hence, Gli3 controlled restriction of Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and of Slit2 expression is crucial for positioning midline guideposts and callosal development

The Ciliogenic Transcription Factor RFX3 Regulates Early Midline Distribution of Guidepost Neurons Required for Corpus Callosum Development

The corpus callosum (CC) is the major commissure that bridges the cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the CC is associated with human ciliopathies, but the origin of this default is unclear. Regulatory Factor X3 (RFX3) is a transcription factor involved in the control of ciliogenesis, and Rfx3–deficient mice show several hallmarks of ciliopathies including left–right asymmetry defects and hydrocephalus. Here we show that Rfx3–deficient mice suffer from CC agenesis associated with a marked disorganisation of guidepost neurons required for axon pathfinding across the midline. Using transplantation assays, we demonstrate that abnormalities of the mutant midline region are primarily responsible for the CC malformation. Conditional genetic inactivation shows that RFX3 is not required in guidepost cells for proper CC formation, but is required before E12.5 for proper patterning of the cortical septal boundary and hence accurate distribution of guidepost neurons at later stages. We observe focused but consistent ectopic expression of Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) at the rostro commissural plate associated with a reduced ratio of GLIoma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) repressor to activator forms. We demonstrate on brain explant cultures that ectopic FGF8 reproduces the guidepost neuronal defects observed in Rfx3 mutants. This study unravels a crucial role of RFX3 during early brain development by indirectly regulating GLI3 activity, which leads to FGF8 upregulation and ultimately to disturbed distribution of guidepost neurons required for CC morphogenesis. Hence, the RFX3 mutant mouse model brings novel understandings of the mechanisms that underlie CC agenesis in ciliopathies

Rôle du facteur RFX3 dans la formation du cerveau chez l'embryon de souris

Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors are conserved in wide range of species. We work on a murine model, that is inactivated for Rfx3. We show here that Rfx3 deficient mice suffer from numerous brain defects as the abnormal development of the Choroïd Plexuses, Sub-Commissural Organ, Pineal Gland and Posterior Commissure. And fine analysis, realized at early stages of embryonic development, reveals that these brain defects could be due to a mis-specification of the forebrain dorsal midline. As RFX3 is a ciliogenic regulator, these data support a new ciliogenic function in brain morphogenesis. Moreover, these mice suffer from accallosality, a classic ciliopathy phenotype. And a mis-localization of corticoseptal cells, involved in callosal guidance, could be explain this cerebral affection. Thus this work will bring new understandings of the physiopathological mechanisms of ciliopathies.Les membres de la famille de facteur de transcription RFX sont extrêment conservés au cours de l'évolution et sont retrouvés de la levure aux mammifères. Au sein de notre laboratoire, nous disposons d'un modèle murin Rfx3. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai entrepris d'analyser le phénotype cérébral de ce mutant. Il est ressorti de cette étude que les souris Rfx3 présentent de multiples atteintes cérébrales au niveau de l'Organe Sous Commissural, de la Glande Pinéale, des Plexus Choroïdes et de la Commissure Postérieure. L'analyse de la formation du cerveau, chez ces mutants, a révélé qu'une mauvaise spécification de la ligne médiane dorsale du prosencéphale peut en être à l'origine. Comme RFX3, est un régulateur de la ciliogenèse, ces travaux supposent l'existence d'un nouveau rôle des cils dans la genèse cérébrale. Appuyant cette hypothèse, une des atteintes cérébrales classiquement rencontrées chez les patients souffrant de ciliopathies, qu'est l'agénésie callosale, est également retrouvée chez les mutants murins Rfx3. Et l'analyse de la région de formation du Corps Calleux, en contexte mutant, a mis en évidence des défauts cellulaires pouvant expliquer cette atteinte cérébrale majeure. L'ensemble des travaux réalisés sur ce modèle murin de ciliopathie permettent progressivement d'apporter des réponses essentielles quant aux mécanismes physiopathologiques des ciliopathies

Rôle du facteur RFX3 dans la formation du cerveau chez l'embryon de souris

Les membres de la famille de facteur de transcription RFX sont extrêment conservés au cours de l'évolution et sont retrouvés de la levure aux mammifères. Au sein de notre laboratoire, nous disposons d'un modèle murin Rfx3. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai entrepris d'analyser le phénotype cérébral de ce mutant. Il est ressorti de cette étude que les souris Rfx3 présentent de multiples atteintes cérébrales au niveau de l'Organe Sous Commissural, de la Glande Pinéale, des Plexus Choroïdes et de la Commissure Postérieure. L'analyse de la formation du cerveau, chez ces mutants, a révélé qu'une mauvaise spécification de la ligne médiane dorsale du prosencéphale peut en être à l'origine. Comme RFX3, est un régulateur de la ciliogenèse, ces travaux supposent l'existence d'un nouveau rôle des cils dans la genèse cérébrale. Appuyant cette hypothèse, une des atteintes cérébrales classiquement rencontrées chez les patients souffrant de ciliopathies, qu'est l'agénésie callosale, est également retrouvée chez les mutants murins Rfx3. Et l'analyse de la région de formation du Corps Calleux, en contexte mutant, a mis en évidence des défauts cellulaires pouvant expliquer cette atteinte cérébrale majeure. L'ensemble des travaux réalisés sur ce modèle murin de ciliopathie permettent progressivement d'apporter des réponses essentielles quant aux mécanismes physiopathologiques des ciliopathiesLYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Influence of DNA Binding Dyes on Bare DNA Structure Studied with Atomic Force Microscopy

Fluorescent dyes are widely used for staining and visualization of DNA in optical microscopy based methods. Even though for some dyes the mechanism of binding is known, how this binding affects DNA remains poorly understood. Here we present a novel experimental study of the influence of staining dyes on DNA properties. We use atomic force microscopy which allows quantification and measurement of structural properties of stained DNA with nanometer resolution. We studied the influence of dyes on the persistence length, the total contour length, and the morphology of individual DNA molecules. We tested three widely used dyes known to differently bind DNA molecules, namely PicoGreen, Dapi, and DRAQ5. Based on our measurements, when imaged at typical concentrations (manufacturer suggested concentrations used for cell imaging), PicoGreen dye showed little effect, Dapi dye decreased the DNA persistence length, and DRAQ5 decreased the persistence length and elongated the DNA. When used at high concentrations, all of the dyes induced drastic changes in the DNA morphology. Our study clearly shows that DNA-binding dyes, irrespective of their DNA binding mechanisms, strongly influence the physical properties of DNA. These changes are strongly dose and dye type dependent and therefore should be taken into consideration when conducting experiments with DNA

Author Correction: Nanomechanics of multidomain neuronal cell adhesion protein contactin revealed by single molecule AFM and SMD

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper

A deficiency in RFX3 causes hydrocephalus associated with abnormal differentiation of ependymal cells

Ciliated ependymal cells play central functions in the control of cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis in the mammalian brain, and defects in their differentiation or ciliated properties can lead to hydrocephalus. Regulatory factor X (RFX) transcription factors regulate genes required for ciliogenesis in the nematode, drosophila and mammals. We show here that Rfx3-deficient mice suffer from hydrocephalus without stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. RFX3 is expressed strongly in the ciliated ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO), choroid plexuses (CP) and ventricular walls during embryonic and postnatal development. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the hydrocephalus is associated with a general defect in CP differentiation and with severe agenesis of the SCO. The specialized ependymal cells of the CP show an altered epithelial organization, and the SCO cells lose their characteristic ultrastructural features and adopt aspects more typical of classical ependymal cells. These differentiation defects are associated with changes in the number of cilia, although no obvious ultrastructural defects of these cilia can be observed in adult mice. Moreover, agenesis of the SCO is associated with downregulation of SCO-spondin expression as early as E14.5 of embryonic development. These results demonstrate that RFX3 is necessary for ciliated ependymal cell differentiation in the mouse