Familia y poder en la España Moderna. El ascenso de una familia de letrados: Los Valcárcel (siglos XVII-XVIII)

The aim of this article is to examine the rise to power of the Valcarcel family. This family was made up mainly of bureaucrats who, having started from a plebeian social position (some of them even descended from upwardly mobile converts), was granted access to nobility by the Spanish Ancient Regime. The author would like the reader to focus their attention on this family’s intriguing, gradual climb up the social ladder using intricate family strategies and all the resources and procedures which theestablishment had laid out. This gradual climb eventually gave way to a dynasty of bureaucrats who held different positions within the top administrative apparatus in the 17th and 18th century Castile.El presente artículo aborda el análisis del proceso de ascenso social experimentado por los Valcárcel, familia paradigmática de burócratas ennoblecidos del Antiguo Régimen. El interés que suscita dicho análisis radica en descubrir cómo una familia que partió de una posición social modesta, descendiente incluso de judeoconversos enriquecidos, fue escalando peldaños en la jerarquía social de la época, a través de la puesta en práctica de elaboradas estrategias familiares y valiéndose de todos los resortes y mecanismos que el propio sistema puso a su servicio, hasta terminar constituyendo una auténtica dinastía de burócratas que ocuparían diversos cargos en la alta Administración castellana de los siglos XVII y XVIII

The Reverse Gender Gap in Volunteer Activities: Does Culture Matter?

Women take on 57% (men: 43%) of all volunteering globally (UN 2018). In this paper, we follow an epidemiological approach to explore the possible role of culture in determining this reverse gender gap in the time devoted to volunteer activities. To that end, we merge data from the American Time Use Survey for the years 2006–2019 and the Gender Gap Index (GGI) of the World Economic Forum 2021. We use a sample of early-arrival first- and second-generation immigrants who live in the United States. Our empirical approach rests on the fact that all these individuals have grown up under the same host country’s labor market, regulations, laws, and institutions but differ in their cultural heritage. Thus, in this setting, gender discrepancies in the time devoted to volunteer activities can be interpreted as the effect of culture. We find that more gender-equal norms in the country of origin are associated with women devoting less time to volunteer activities relative to men. We further analyze the channels shaping the culture from the country of ancestry and the existence of horizontal (within-communities) transmission of culture. Our results are robust to the use of different subsamples and to the inclusion of demographic and socio-economic controls

Accelerated soil diuron mineralisation by microbial consortia inoculation and enhancing bioavailability with cyclodextrin.

The deleterious effects of pollution on human health, the functioning of biogeochemical cycles, erosion of biodiversity and more broadly on the entire biosphere, have become a major concern for modern societies. Diuron is considered a “Priority Hazardous Substance”.In the case of diuron, biodegradation appears to be the major cause of diuron dissipation, although due to its high persistence, and hence, the likely formation of aged residues, these can be found in many environment such as soil, sediments and water. Especially in the case of diuron, where its principal metabolite, 3,4 dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is considered as highly toxic to different organisms.Agricultural soils possess large and often highly diverse microbial communities that potentially can exhibit many degradative properties, and when these capacities are expressed fully and rapidly, organic chemicals are readily destroyed.To date, all the efforts invested in research on soil bioremediation have been applied to optimizing microbial activity by adding nutrients (bioestimulation), or adding microbial consortia (bioaugmentation). This techniques belong to the green technologies that are used to remove organic contaminants from environments. Another technique used to increase solubility was to add cyclodextrins which increase bioavailability of pollutant.Different results were found for each of the consortium employed in this study, which were previously isolated using an enrichment technique from five agricultural soils that had been managed with pesticides for more than 10 years (C1,C2,C3,C4,C5). In solution medium, C2 consortium was able to mineralize a 88.6% of the diuron initially added to solution (10 ppm + 450 Bq). In the soil used in slurries conditions, time in days needed to reach a 50% of diuron mineralisation was drastically reduced,except when was inoculated C4. Afterwards, in a more realistic scenario under static conditions was observed 23.2% of global herbicide mineralisation with C1. By last, under static condition when cyclodextrin (CD) was used in combination with bioaugmentation (C1) a 42.2% of the extent of mineralisation was rised.In conclusion, the combination of bioaugmentation and bioestimulation resulted in a successful strategy to speed up soil diuron biorremediation. CD, provoked a substantial improvement in diuron mineralisation due to the formation of an inclusion complex with diuron,which increased its solubility and hence bioavailability and mineralisatio

Assisted attenuation of a soil contaminated by diuron using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and organic amendments

7 páginas.-- 1 Grafico.-- 3 figuras.-- 2 tablas.-- 59 referenciasDiuron desorption and mineralisation were studied on an amended and artificially contaminated soil. The amendments used comprised two different composted organic residues i.e., sewage sludge (SS) mixed with pruning wastes, and urban solid residues (USR), and two different solutions (with inorganic salts as the micronutrients and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD)). After applying micronutrients to activate the soil flora, 15.5% mineralisation could be reached after 150 days, indicating that the soil has a potential capacity to mineralise the herbicide through biostimulation-assisted attenuation. Diuron mineralisation was also improved when HPBCD solutions were applied. Indeed, the extent of herbicide mineralisation reached 29.7% with this application. Moreover, both the lag phase and the half-life time (DT50) were reduced to 33 and 1778 days, respectively, relative to the application of just micronutrients (i.e., 39 and 6297 days, respectively). Organic amendments were also applied (i.e., USR and SS) on the contaminated soil: it was found that the diuron mineralisation rate was improved as the amendment concentration increased. The joint application of all treatments investigated at the best conditions tested was conducted to obtain the best diuron mineralisation results. The micronutrient amendment plus 4% USR or SS amendment plus HPBCD solution (10-fold diuron initially spiked) caused an extent of diuron mineralisation 33.2 or 46.5%, respectively.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) under the research project CTM2009-07335 and Junta de Andalucía (RNM 894).Peer reviewe

Colchicine blocks tubulin heterodimer recycling by tubulin cofactors TBCA, TBCB and TBCE

Research Areas: Cell Biology ; Developmental BiologyColchicine has been used to treat gout and, more recently, to effectively prevent autoinflammatory diseases and both primary and recurrent episodes of pericarditis. The anti-inflammatory action of colchicine seems to result from irreversible inhibition of tubulin polymerization and microtubule (MT) assembly by binding to the tubulin heterodimer, avoiding the signal transduction required to the activation of the entire NLRP3 inflammasome. Emerging results show that the MT network is a potential regulator of cardiac mechanics. Here, we investigated how colchicine impacts in tubulin folding cofactors TBCA, TBCB, and TBCE activities. We show that TBCA is abundant in mouse heart insoluble protein extracts. Also, a decrease of the TBCA/β-tubulin complex followed by an increase of free TBCA is observed in human cells treated with colchicine. The presence of free TBCA is not observed in cells treated with other antimitotic agents such as nocodazole or cold shock, neither after translation inhibition by cycloheximide. In vitro assays show that colchicine inhibits tubulin heterodimer dissociation by TBCE/TBCB, probably by interfering with interactions of TBCE with tubulin dimers, leading to free TBCA. Manipulation of TBCA levels, either by RNAi or overexpression results in decreased levels of tubulin heterodimers. Together, these data strongly suggest that TBCA is mainly receiving β-tubulin from the dissociation of preexisting heterodimers instead of newly synthesized tubulins. The TBCE/TBCB+TBCA system is crucial for controlling the critical concentration of free tubulin heterodimers and MT dynamics in the cells by recycling the tubulin heterodimers. It is conceivable that colchicine affects tubulin heterodimer recycling through the TBCE/TBCB+TBCA system producing the known benefits in the treatment of pericardium inflammation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Studying the behavior of diuron in soil-water system. Use of cyclodextrins for soil remediation

Con el objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento del herbicida Diurón en el sistema suelo-agua, se realizaron ensayos de adsorción- desorción y de lixiviación en columnas de suelos. Para la adsorción del herbicida diurón en los suelos con propiedades físico-químicas diferentes, las variables significativas fueron la materia orgánica (MO), óxidos amorfos totales y la fracción arcilla. La desorción de los suelos presentó histéresis en todos los casos, aunque una histéresis positiva cuando se extrajo con Ca (NO3)2 y una histéresis negativa cuando se utilizó ciclodextrina (HPBCD). El porcentaje de diurón eluido en las columnas de suelos seleccionados alcanzó casi el 83,1% en un suelo arenoso con contenido en MO <1%, por el contrario, en el suelo con mayor contenido en MO, la cantidad eluida del herbicida fue sólo del 6,65%.In order to study the behavior of the herbicide Diuron in the soil-water system, adsorption- desorption tests and leaching in soil columns were performed. For the adsorption of diuron in soils with different physicochemical properties, significant variables were the organic matter (OM), total amorphous oxides and clay fraction. Soil desorption hysteresis was observed in all cases a positive hysteresis when extracted with Ca(NO3)2 and a negative hysteresis when cyclodextrin (HPBCD) was used. The percentage of diuron eluted from sore columns reached almost 83.1% in a sandy soil with OM <1%; on the contrary, in a soil with higher OM content, the amount of the herbicide eluted was 6.65%

El papel de la terapia ocupacional en el abordaje de la anorexia y bulimia nerviosas: una revisión sistemática

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria son uno de los problemas de salud pública más graves de nuestros días, tanto por su prevalencia, como por su dificultad y cronicidad. Conllevan un importante deterioro físico, psíquico y social, afectando al desempeño de los usuarios. Partiendo de esta premisa, el contexto de atención de estos trastornos debe realizarse en un espacio multidisciplinario que incluya la terapia ocupacional. El objetivo principal de esta revisión ha sido analizar las características que debe incorporar un programa de terapia ocupacional para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Como objetivo secundario, se ha planteado determinar el efecto que tiene el trastorno en las áreas ocupacionales, para justificar la implementación del programa de terapia ocupacional. Por último, se ha propuesto determinar la presencia de esta figura en las Unidades de Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria de España. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de bibliografía y estudios científicos, y una entrevista a una terapeuta ocupacional. Los resultados obtenido parecen indicen que los programas de terapia ocupacional aumentan las autopercepciones positivas de los pacientes, consiguiendo disminuir la ansiedad y las conductas disfuncionales, y logrando finalmente una reestructuración ocupacional y reinserción en la sociedad. En contraposición, se ha concluido una escasa presencia de la disciplina en este ámbito.<br /

ESTUDIOS DE BIODEGRADACIÓN Y MINERALIZACIÓN A ELEVADAS CONCENTRACIONES DEL HERBICIDA DIURON, EMPLEANDO CEPAS BACTERIANAS DEGRADADORAS ESPECÍFICAS EN CONDICIONES DE ESTRÉS

El uso extendido en todo el mundo de herbicidas de origen químico, ha favorecido la difusión de estos a suelos y aguas, tanto superficiales como subterráneas, convirtiendo a estos compuestos tóxicos en potencialmente peligrosos para el medio ambiente y la salud de las personas. El herbicida diurón está considerado como sustancia peligrosa prioritaria para la Directiva Marco del Agua de la Comisión Europea. Igualmente está incluido en una lista de sustancias prioritarias para el establecimiento de políticas para el agua, y está incluido en la lista 3 de contaminantes candidatos de los Estados Unidos. España y Bélgica son los únicos países de la Unión Europea donde se hace uso de este herbicida. Por ello se han realizado estudios con el objetivo de degradarlo por completo y/o hacerlo no biodisponible para seres humanos y otros organismos vivos. Estos estudios sitúan a la biodegradación como la opción más eficiente y fiable para llevar a cabo este cometido.En el presente estudio, se lleva a cabo el analisis de los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos de biodegradación y mineralización del herbicida diuróna diferentes concentraciones y de su principal metabolito, la 3,4-dicloroanilina (3,4-DCA), cuya toxicidad hace que el diurón sea tan peligroso para la salud y el medio ambiente, utilizando cepas bacterianas degradadoras específicas, las cuales han sido sometidas a elevadas concentraciones de Diurón. Por último, se sealizaron experimentos de biodisponibilidad del herbicida, a elevadas concentraciones, haciendo uso de ciclodextrinas. Estos agentes químicos biodegradables pueden optimizar la capacidad biodegradadora de los microorganismos hacia el contaminante, y se presentan como una alternativa más amigable con el medio ambiente, ya que debido a la naturaleza de disolventes y otros agentes químicos no biodegradables, estos pueden acabar suponiendo otro problema ambiental o de salud, que se añadiría al existente causado por el contaminante que se pretendía eliminar en primera instancia

Brucella spp. Lumazine synthase as a novel immunomodulator to produce egg yolk antibodies

Lumazine synthase from Brucella spp. (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. It has been previously described as a carrier of peptides or proteins to increase their immunogenicity in different animal species, but its activity has never been evaluated in chickens. In this work, the use of BLS to improve the antibody response against bovine rotavirus (BRV) VP8d protein in laying hens was assessed. VP8d is the inner domain of the VP8 spike protein which preserves the sialic acid binding activity and the neutralizing epitopes present in the viral protein. Hens were immunized three times with 2 μg of VP8d alone or fused to BLS. Hens inoculated with BLSVP8d developed higher antibody titers (evaluated by ELISA and viral neutralization test) than hens immunized either with VP8d alone or the mixture of VP8d and BLS. Furthermore, IgY antibodies against BLSVP8d were able to fully protect mice against challenge with virulent BRV in a dose-depent-manner. Overall, these results demonstrate that BLS is a potent immonumodulator that enhances the antibody response in hens, thus increasing the concentration of specific IgY in the egg yolk, one of the main issues to be adressed in order to improve the use of the IgY technology.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Bellido, Demian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Chacana, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Mozgovoj, Marina Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Goldbaum, Fernando Alberto. Fundación Instituto Leloir; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentin