The Perception of the Russian Revolution of 1917 in the Swiss Press: Main Notes

The article was submitted on 12.04.2017.An important area of confrontation between liberal thought and nationalistic aspirations during World War I was propaganda. Switzerland is especially interesting in these terms due to its multiculturalism, the social split in political preferences between the combatant states, and the high percentage of foreigners. Therefore, the press of this neutral state became a platform for fierce war propaganda. In 1917, one of the most important issues discussed in Swiss newspapers was the Russian Revolution. The Swiss press devoted much attention to this subject. In Switzerland, the public hardly understood the difference between the February Revolution and the October Uprising, but was affected by the fall of tsarism, though the knowledge of the actual events in Russia was scarce. The Swiss perceived the October Revolution as a continuation of the March events and not as another coup d’état which completely transformed the political and social conditions in the enormous country to the east. The Swiss press serves as an example of liberal Russian propaganda in a neutral state. What is particularly noteworthy is how the issue of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was reflected in Swiss public opinion. Among other things, the author of the article aims to find out how rapidly the opinions of Swiss journals were spread among the public and started to influence its view of the Bolshevik regime.Важной областью конфронтации между либеральной мыслью и националистическими устремлениями во время Первой мировой войны была пропаганда. С этой точки зрения Швейцария особенно интересна с учетом ее мультикультурализма, разделения симпатий общества между враждующими сторонами и высокого процента иностранцев. В силу названных особенностей пресса этой нейтральной страны стала платформой для ожесточенной военной пропаганды. В 1917 г. одной из наиболее важных в швейцарских газетах была тема революции в России. В Швейцарии плохо понимали различия между Февральской революцией и Октябрьским восстанием. Общественное мнение этой нейтральной страны было впечатлено падением царизма, но о событиях в России здесь знали относительно мало. Швейцарцы видели Октябрьскую революцию как продолжение мартовских событий, а не как переворот, который полностью изменил политические и социальные условия огромной страны на Востоке. Швейцарская пресса служила примером влияния российской либеральной пропаганды в нейтральной стране. Представляет интерес то, как проблема Русской революции 1917 г. была представлена в швейцарском общественном мнении. Одной из целей исследования также является ответ на вопрос, насколько быстро мнения швейцарских журналов были способны влиять на суждения швейцарцев о режиме большевиков

50 Years Later: Women, Work & the Work Ahead (Infographic)

How have things changed for women in the labor force over the last 50 years

Prompt high-energy neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts in photospheric and synchrotron self-Compton scenarios

We investigate neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) under alternative scenarios for prompt emission (the photospheric and synchrotron self-Compton scenarios) rather than the classical optically thin synchrotron scenario. In the former scenario, we find that neutrinos from the pp reaction can be very important at energies around 10-100 TeV. They may be detected by IceCube/KM3Net and useful as a probe of baryon acceleration around/below the photosphere. In the latter scenario, we may expect about EeV pgamma neutrinos produced by soft photons. Predicted spectra are different from that in the classical scenario, and neutrinos would be useful as one of the clues to the nature of GRBs (the jet composition, emission radius, magnetic field and so on).Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, replaced to match the final version published as PRD Rapid Communication, 78, 101302. Minor typos fixe

Particle Image Thermometry for Natural Convection Flows

Particle Image Thermometry (PIT) is a technique by which temperature fields can be obtained non-invasively using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) through image processing of experimental true-colour photographs. This is done using a calibration curve (hue versus temperature). With the calibration data, every pixel of the colour photograph is transformed to a temperature value, and thus accurate experimental temperature maps are obtained. Using this technique, examples of steady and unsteady natural convection are presented, which include steady magnetic convection of paramagnetic fluids in a cubic enclosure heated and cooled from opposite walls, and unsteady convective flows in a reservoir model cooled from above (night-time cooling). The instantaneous measurement of temperature fields is very useful for understanding flow characteristics in situations where conventional flow visualisation is not sufficient. This method also provides additional quantitative information for comparisons with numerical modelling

Synthetic X-ray light curves of BL Lacs from relativistic hydrodynamic simulations

We present the results of relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the collision of two dense shells in a uniform external medium, as envisaged in the internal shock model for BL Lac jets. The non-thermal radiation produced by highly energetic electrons injected at the relativistic shocks is computed following their temporal and spatial evolution. The acceleration of electrons at the relativistic shocks is parametrized using two different models and the corresponding X-ray light curves are computed. We find that the interaction time scale of the two shells is influenced by an interaction with the external medium. For the chosen parameter sets, the efficiency of the collision in converting dissipated kinetic energy into the observed X-ray radiation is of the order of one percent.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures, accepted to A&

Nonlinear Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks

Monte Carlo techniques are used to model nonlinear particle acceleration in parallel collisionless shocks of various speeds, including mildly relativistic ones. When the acceleration is efficient, the backreaction of accelerated particles modifies the shock structure and causes the compression ratio, r, to increase above test-particle values. Modified shocks with Lorentz factors less than about 3 can have compression ratios considerably greater than 3 and the momentum distribution of energetic particles no longer follows a power law relation. These results may be important for the interpretation of gamma-ray bursts if mildly relativistic internal and/or afterglow shocks play an important role accelerating particles that produce the observed radiation. For shock Lorentz factors greater than about 10, r approaches 3 and the so-called `universal' test-particle result of N(E) proportional to E^{-2.3} is obtained for sufficiently energetic particles. In all cases, the absolute normalization of the particle distribution follows directly from our model assumptions and is explicitly determined.Comment: Updated version, Astroparticle Physics, in press, 29 pages, 13 figure

How expensive space-zero-gravity convection experiments can be carried out in terrestrial conditions – magnetic convection of a paramagnetic fluid

Over the last decade or so it has became possible to build high-temperature super-conducting magnets that operate in a laboratory environment. Many new phenomena connected with strong magnetic fields have been reported (e.g. promotion of combustion, magnetic levitation, separation methods for weakly magnetic materials etc.). There are many applications of the use of magnetic force on the Earth. For instance, knowing how to control such a force makes it possible to negate the influence of the gravitational force and study a particular phenomenon as it would occur in the Cosmos, but under terrestrial conditions, avoiding the need for expensive space travel. The use of a magnetic field may also help in many processes such as crystal growth, mixing and material processing. The present work is concerned with magnetic convection of a paramagnetic fluid in a cubical enclosure heated and cooled from the sidewalls. The influence of a 10-T magnetic field on the convection mode of the paramagnetic fluid and the heat transfer rate were investigated numerically and experimentally, and compared with gravitational natural convection. The present study clearly shows that natural convection can be enhanced, and the direction of the convection flow can be changed using a strong magnetic field in terrestrial conditions

Atmospheric impacts of chlorinated very short-lived substances over the recent past – Part 2: Impacts on ozone

Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer remains an ongoing environmental issue, with increasing stratospheric chlorine from very short-lived substances (VSLS) recently emerging as a potential but uncertain threat to its future recovery. Here the impact of chlorinated VSLS (Cl-VSLS) on past ozone is quantified, for the first time, using the UM–UKCA (Unified Model–United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol) chemistry-climate model. Model simulations nudged to reanalysis fields show that in the second decade of the 21st century Cl-VSLS reduced total column ozone by, on average, ∼ 2–3 DU (Dobson unit) in the springtime high latitudes and by ∼0.5 DU in the annual mean in the tropics. The largest ozone reductions were simulated in the Arctic in the springs of 2011 and 2020. During the recent cold Arctic winter of 2019/20 Cl-VSLS resulted in local ozone reductions of up to ∼7 % in the lower stratosphere and of ∼7 DU in total column ozone by the end of March. Despite nearly doubling of Cl-VSLS contribution to stratospheric chlorine over the early 21st century, the inclusion of Cl-VSLS in the nudged simulations does not substantially modify the magnitude of the simulated recent ozone trends and, thus, does not help to explain the persistent negative ozone trends that have been observed in the extra-polar lower stratosphere. The free-running simulations, on the other hand, suggest Cl-VSLS-induced amplification of the negative tropical lower-stratospheric ozone trend by ∼20 %, suggesting a potential role of the dynamical feedback from Cl-VSLS-induced chemical ozone loss. Finally, we calculate the ozone depletion potential of dichloromethane, the most abundant Cl-VSLS, at 0.0107. Our results illustrate a so-far modest but nonetheless non-negligible role of Cl-VSLS in contributing to the stratospheric ozone budget over the recent past that if continues could offset some of the gains achieved by the Montreal Protocol.</p

Future Arctic ozone recovery: the importance of chemistry and dynamics

Future trends in Arctic springtime total column ozone, and its chemical and dynamical drivers, are assessed using a seven-member ensemble from the Met Office Unified Model with United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UM-UKCA) simulating the period 1960–2100. The Arctic mean March total column ozone increases throughout the 21st century at a rate of  ∼  11.5 DU decade⁻¹, and is projected to return to the 1980 level in the late 2030s. However, the integrations show that even past 2060 springtime Arctic ozone can episodically drop by  ∼  50–100 DU below the corresponding long-term ensemble mean for that period, reaching values characteristic of the near-present-day average level. Consistent with the global decline in inorganic chlorine (Clᵧ) over the century, the estimated mean halogen-induced chemical ozone loss in the Arctic lower atmosphere in spring decreases by around a factor of 2 between the periods 2001–2020 and 2061–2080. However, in the presence of a cold and strong polar vortex, elevated halogen-induced ozone losses well above the corresponding long-term mean continue to occur in the simulations into the second part of the century. The ensemble shows a significant cooling trend in the Arctic winter mid- and upper stratosphere, but there is less confidence in the projected temperature trends in the lower stratosphere (100–50 hPa). This is partly due to an increase in downwelling over the Arctic polar cap in winter, which increases transport of ozone into the polar region as well as drives adiabatic warming that partly offsets the radiatively driven stratospheric cooling. However, individual winters characterised by significantly suppressed downwelling, reduced transport and anomalously low temperatures continue to occur in the future. We conclude that, despite the projected long-term recovery of Arctic ozone, the large interannual dynamical variability is expected to continue in the future, thereby facilitating episodic reductions in springtime ozone columns. Whilst our results suggest that the relative role of dynamical processes for determining Arctic springtime ozone will increase in the future, halogen chemistry will remain a smaller but non-negligible contributor for many decades to come.We thank NCAS Computational Model Support for help with setting up and porting the model. We acknowledge the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. We acknowledge use of the MONSooN system, a collaborative facility supplied under the Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme, which is a strategic partnership between the UK Met Office and the NERC. Amanda C. Maycock, John A. Pyle and N. Luke Abraham were supported by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, a NERC-funded research centre. We acknowledge funding from the ERC for the ACCI project (grant number 267760), including a PhD studentship for Ewa M. Bednarz. Amanda C. Maycock acknowledges support from an AXA postdoctoral fellowship and NERC grant NE/M018199/1

Sandia Senior Design Collaboration: Vacuum Sensor Design

Sandia National Laboratories has requested a fully mechanical device to close a circuit after launch has occurred and the device enters a vacuum. Intended for applications in rockets and missiles, the device must fit in a 36 degree wedge with a 6.8 inch radius that is 6 inches in height and be ready to bolt onto a rocket. The pressure switch must be prevented from actuating until a launch acceleration ranging from 20 to 27g is detected. The pressure switch must close the circuit after a pressure of 10-1 Torr is reached and before a pressure of 10-6 Torr is reached. The switch must remain closed after the switch is actuated. The pressure switch is required to close a circuit carrying 30 VDC with a 15 ohm load for up to 15 seconds. The switch itself is allowed to have a maximum resistance of 0.2 ohms. The switch must be resettable for Sandia to conduct multiple test runs. Our contact at Sandia expressed interest in 3D printed components. This design detects the launch acceleration by separating a calibrated mass from a magnet. Before the acceleration sensor is tripped, it prevents the pressure switch from actuating. The pressure switch contains a substance which is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures experienced before the vacuum environment is reached and vaporizes in the vacuum environment. The phase change causes an expansion of the fluid container, which is used to move the actuator magnet near a reed switch and close the circuit. Thus, this project applies thermodynamics, system dynamics, numerical methods, material selection, and mechanical component design. A prototype of the design will be built and sent alongside a report to Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia will test the device on a sounding rocket. This project will provide Sandia with one of ten prototype devices to test. The switch provided will be used to detect when the rocket has left the atmosphere and has activated safety measures