A comparison between different methods to fill gaps in early precipitation series

The aim of this work is to analyse and compare different methodologies to fill gaps in early precipitation series, and to evaluate which time resolution is reachable, i.e. monthly or daily one. The following methods are applied and tested to fill the 1764–1767 gap in the precipitation series of Padua: (1) using a relationship between monthly amounts and frequencies; (2) transforming a daily log with visual observations into numerical values through analysis, classification, and calibration; (3) substituting the missing values with an instrumental record from a nearby, contemporary station in the same climatic area. To apply the second method, the descriptions reported in the Morgagni Logs are grouped in 37 classes and transformed into numerical values, using for calibration the observed amounts in the Poleni record over the 24-year common period. As a third method, the series of Temanza and Pollaroli in Venice is used to fill the gap, and the application of a factor scale based on the ratio Padua/Venice tempted. The results of these three methods are discussed and commented

Three centuries of daily precipitation in Padua, Italy, 1713–2018: history, relocations, gaps, homogeneity and raw data

Long instrumental records are fundamental to study climate changes, but their reliability and quality have to be checked before any statistical research. Moreover, when metadata are used to solve some problems, data interpretation may change and require further work to refine the series. A thorough revision of the three-century precipitation series in Padua (1713–2018) shows that the results of previous analyses were affected by serious biases. This paper clarifies key features concerning early instruments, exposure, relocation and observational protocols. The daily analysis pointed out a number of problems, bias, irregular sampling and underestimations that have passed unobserved so far. A comparison with the parallel series of Bologna and Venice made it possible to distinguish bias from the climate signal or to reconstruct missing data. The instrumental threshold was recognized to be fundamental to determine the frequency of precipitation, but less important with respect to its amount. This paper provides a methodological example to test the goodness of long instrumental series, in particular to identify problems related to metadata and observations, which is the preliminary step to perform a sound correction and obtain a reliable series. It also includes the set of original raw data, transformed into modern units

Characterization and thermal performance evaluation of infrared reflective coatings compatible with historic buildings

Two infrared reflective coatings recently developed as part of the EFFESUS European research project are characterized and evaluated in this paper. Thermal performance, durability, compatibility with historic fabric, and reversibility are all analysed. The results of extensive research that include laboratory analysis of selected substrates, measurements on a large-scale traditional masonry mock-up, thermodynamic simulations, and finally application in to a real historic building in Istanbul, all support the potential of the new coatings to improve the thermal performance of historic buildings, in keeping with their visual integrity and cultural value. Besides their reflective properties, proven by the thermal stress reductions on the treated surfaces, the new coatings are characterized by low visual impact, easy application, material compatibility, and reversibility after application, as well as durability over time.The EFFESUS project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 314678. The authors are grateful to Arianna Vivarelli for her contribution to the activities of the project

Impact of long-term (1764-2017) air temperature on phenology of cereals and vines in two locations of northern Italy

Understanding how long-term temperature variability affects the phenology of the main agricultural crop is critical to develop targeted adaptation strategies to near and far future climate impacts. The objective of this study was to use crop phenology as a proxy to quantify the impact of a long-term temperature variability series (1764-2017) on a summer cereal crop (maize), spring wheat, winter wheat, and four different vines (perennials) in two locations representative of the main agricultural areas in northern Italy. To develop the phenological models for cereals and grapevines, the minimum (TDmin) and maximum (TDmax) daily temperatures for Milano and Bologna, northern Italy, from 1763 to 2017 were used. Results showed that wheat (spring and winter) has experienced a reduction in the growing period of 13 days for each °C of air temperature increase during the growing season. Vernalization requirements of winter wheat indicated that further increase in air temperature will determine a shift towards a supraoptimal range. The subsequent delay in vernalization fulfilment causes the grain filling phase to occur in warmer conditions and will be further shortened with consequences for final yield. Chilling accumulation in vines was fulfilled over the entire period under study with 90% effective chilling. Highlights - Long-term weather series show how the mean air temperature and its extremes have changed over the years. - Simulation of cereals and perennials phenology using long-term weather series showed a shortening of the growing season and a shift of developmental stages. - The number of days when the air temperature is above the crops' physiological threshold increased, with implications for development and senescence rates

Innovative consolidating products for stone materials: field exposure tests as a valid approach for assessing durability

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Long‐term variability and trends in meteorological droughts in Western Europe (1851–2018)

We analysed long‐term variability and trends in meteorological droughts across Western Europe using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Precipitation data from 199 stations spanning the period 1851–2018 were employed, following homogenisation, to derive SPI‐3 and SPI‐12 series for each station, together with indices on drought duration and severity. Results reveal a general absence of statistically significant long‐term trends in the study domain, with the exception of significant trends at some stations, generally covering short periods. The largest decreasing trends in SPI‐3 (i.e., increasing drought conditions) were found for summer in the British and Irish Isles. In general, drought episodes experienced in the last two or three decades have precedents during the last 170·years, emphasizing the importance of long records for assessing change. The main characteristic of drought variability in Western Europe is its strong spatial diversity, with regions exhibiting a homogeneous temporal evolution. Notably, the temporal variability of drought in Western Europe is more dominant than long‐term trends. This suggests that long‐term drought trends cannot be confirmed in Western Europe using precipitation records alone. This study provides a long‐term regional assessment of drought variability in Western Europe, which can contribute to better understanding of regional climate change during the past two centuries

Impact of gastrointestinal side effects on patients’ reported quality of life trajectories after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Data from the prospective, observational pros-it CNR study

Radiotherapy (RT) represents an important therapeutic option for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The aim of the current study is to examine trajectories in patients’ reported quality of life (QoL) aspects related to bowel function and bother, considering data from the PROState cancer monitoring in ITaly from the National Research Council (Pros-IT CNR) study, analyzed with growth mixture models. Data for patients who underwent RT, either associated or not associated with androgen deprivation therapy, were considered. QoL outcomes were assessed over a 2-year period from the diagnosis, using the Italian version of the University of California Los Angeles-Prostate Cancer Index (Italian-UCLA-PCI). Three trajectories were identified for the bowel function; having three or more comorbidities and the use of 3D-CRT technique for RT were associated with the worst trajectory (OR = 3.80, 95% CI 2.04–7.08; OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.22–3.87, respectively). Two trajectories were identified for the bowel bother scores; diabetes and the non-Image guided RT method were associated with being in the worst bowel bother trajectory group (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.06–2.67; OR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.70–3.86, respectively). The findings from this study suggest that the absence of comorbidities and the use of intensity modulated RT techniques with image guidance are related with a better tolerance to RT in terms of bowel side effects

Disease-specific and general health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients: The Pros-IT CNR study

Background: The National Research Council (CNR) prostate cancer monitoring project in Italy (Pros-IT CNR) is an observational, prospective, ongoing, multicentre study aiming to monitor a sample of Italian males diagnosed as new cases of prostate cancer. The present study aims to present data on the quality of life at time prostate cancer is diagnosed. Methods: One thousand seven hundred five patients were enrolled. Quality of life is evaluated at the time cancer was diagnosed and at subsequent assessments via the Italian version of the University of California Los Angeles-Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Results: At diagnosis, lower scores on the physical component of the SF-12 were associated to older ages, obesity and the presence of 3+ moderate/severe comorbidities. Lower scores on the mental component were associated to younger ages, the presence of 3+ moderate/severe comorbidities and a T-score higher than one. Urinary and bowel functions according to UCLA-PCI were generally good. Almost 5% of the sample reported using at least one safety pad daily to control urinary loss; less than 3% reported moderate/severe problems attributable to bowel functions, and sexual function was a moderate/severe problem for 26.7%. Diabetes, 3+ moderate/severe comorbidities, T2 or T3-T4 categories and a Gleason score of eight or more were significantly associated with lower sexual function scores at diagnosis. Conclusions: Data collected by the Pros-IT CNR study have clarified the baseline status of newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. A comprehensive assessment of quality of life will allow to objectively evaluate outcomes of different profile of care

Sistemi di analisi e metodologie di rilievo integrato per la documentazione dell’Oltrepò pavese: il territorio comunale di Barbianello

This paper is a summary of the research activities conducted in urban context within the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture of Pavia and the Joint Interdepartmental Landscape, Survey and Design Laboratory of Florence and Pavia University. The subject is the analysis and the representation of the urban landscape, illustrates a methodological approach to the survey of the Oltrepò territory (Pavia). The case study of Barbianello is part of a wider project, aims to establish a methodology for the documentation of the urban area and some of its historical monuments, that can be apply to the neighboring municipalities. The digital tools had the aim to support the methodology applied, evaluating the support of each instrument at different levels of investigation, from the general scale to the detail