Synthesis of Diarylamines and Methylcarbazoles and Formal Total Synthesis of Alkaloids Ellipticine and Olivacine

En este documento se describe la síntesis química, vía microondas, de derivados de alcaloides elipticina y olivacina, así como su identificación espectroscópica inequívocas.New and efficient strategies for the conversion of 4-oxazolin-2-ones into 1-methyl and 1,4-dimethyl 3-formylcarbazoles are herein described. Highly convergent cascade and one-pot processes afforded the corresponding diarylamines, as in situ formed synthetic intermediates or final products in high overall yields. Special attention was given to the synthesis of methylated carbazoles by reacting 4,5-dimethyl-4-oxazolin-2-ones with enones under microwave irradiation. The carbazole scaffold was provided by the palladium(II)-catalyzed double C−H activation to generate oxidative cyclization of diarylamines. This methodology allowed for formal total syntheses of four naturally occurring pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole alkaloids ellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, olivacine, and 9-methoxyolivacine.Secretaría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de la UAEMex. CONACYT Ludwig K. Hellweg Foundation Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, del IP

La Imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje en escenarios de violencia. Departamento del Cesar

El conflicto armado en Colombia es una realidad violenta y prolongada que ha impactado al país durante décadas. Comenzó en la década de 1940 con la formación de grupos guerrilleros como las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). Luego, en la década de 1960, se intensificó con la aparición del Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN). En 1997, surgieron las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), quienes llevaron a cabo actos brutales de violencia, masacres y violaciones de derechos humanos. Este trabajo se enfoca en analizar los escenarios de violencia y las narrativas de memoria histórica en tres apartados. El primero se centra en el relato de Amparo, una mujer luchadora que sufrió la violencia, el exilio y persecuciones por liderar la búsqueda de desaparecidos. Se explora su resiliencia y recursos de afrontamiento a través de preguntas circulares, estratégicas y reflexivas. El segundo apartado presenta el caso de El Salado, una comunidad en el Carmen de Bolívar afectada por masacres y violencia. Se analizan los cambios sociohistóricos, las violaciones, traumas y sufrimiento, proponiendo estrategias psicosociales para fortalecer el afrontamiento y la resiliencia. Por último, se explora la memoria narrativa e histórica del Cesar, mediante la metodología Foto Voz, relatando la resiliencia y afrontamiento en diferentes territorios. Se concluye que estos elementos ofrecen una contextualización de la violencia y las narrativas de memoria histórica en distintos territorios, abordados desde un enfoque narrativo.Armed conflict in Colombia is a violent and prolonged reality that has impacted the country for decades. It began in the 1940s with the formation of guerrilla groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Later, in the 1960s, it intensified with the emergence of the National Liberation Army (ELN). In 1997, the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) emerged, carrying out brutal acts of violence, massacres, and human rights violations. This work focuses on analyzing scenarios of violence and historical memory narratives in three sections. The first section centers on the account of Amparo, a resilient woman who endured violence, exile, and persecution for leading the search for the disappeared. Her resilience and coping resources are explored through circular, strategic, and reflexive questioning. The second section presents the case of El Salado, a community in Carmen de Bolívar affected by massacres and violence. Sociohistorical changes, violations, traumas, and suffering are analyzed, proposing psychosocial strategies to strengthen coping and resilience. Lastly, the narrative and historical memory of Cesar are explored using the Photo Voice methodology, recounting resilience, and coping in different territories. It is concluded that these elements offer a contextualization of violence and historical memory narratives in different territories, approached from a narrative perspective

Nutraceutical Potential of Seven “Quelites” Harvested in the Northern Highlands of Puebla-México

The northern highlands of Puebla harbor several plant foods consumed since pre-Columbian times. Most of the native vegetables from this geographical region are still uncharacterized at the nutraceutical level. This investigation was focused on the elucidation of chemical and biochemical properties of the edible organs from Rhamnus pompana, Solanum nigrescens, Sechium edule, Yucca aloifolia, Piper auritum, Amaranthus hybridus and Rumex obtusifolius, which are used as traditional foods in this region. The content of basic nutrients (including vitamins of the B complex), nutraceuticals (carotenoids, flavonoids, and fatty acids), phenolics (including antioxidant capacity), and inhibitory properties of these plants on specific enzymes linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were determined. In addition, extracts of these plants were evaluated against pathogenic microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. Our results demonstrated statistically significant divergences (p 6 between Y. aloifolia and other plants studied. All plants showed low amounts of reducing sugars (R. pompana exhibited substantial differences (p R. obtusifolius were particularly rich in quercetin (4.38 mg/100 g), kaempferol (2.38 mg/100 g) and lutein (2.52 mg/100 g), whereas the aerial parts of S. edule contained high concentrations of folate (50.6 µg/100 g). All plants showed variable phenolic content and antioxidant capacity; however, Y. aloifolia had the highest values (23 GAE/mg/g and 440 TEAC/µM/g). The ethanolic extracts from Y. aloifolia efficiently inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50, 43.76 µg/mL) and alpha-glucosidase (IC50, 60.04 µg/mL), whereas those from S. edule inhibited alpha-glucosidase (IC50, 47.4 µg/mL) and HMG-CoA reductase (IC50, 33.6 µg/mL). Only the ethanolic extracts of R. pompana (IC50, 35.36 µg/mL) and Y. aloifolia (IC50, 53.28 µg/mL) inhibited ornithine decarboxylase. All plant extracts exerted moderated antimicrobial activity in at least one species associated with the gastrointestinal tract

ANÁLISIS DEL CONTENIDO NUTRICIONAL DE PLANTAS CONSUMIDAS POR CAPRINOS EN UNA LOCALIDAD DE LA CAÑADA, OAXACA

Se reportan los resultados del contenido nutricional de algunas plantas consumidas por caprinos (Capra hircus) en la localidad de San Gabriel Casa Blanca en la región de la Cañada dentro de la Reserva de Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. En noviembre de 2012 (época de lluvias) y en mayo de 2013 (época de seca) se colectaron 16 especies de plantas consumidas frecuentemente por los caprinos. Los parámetros determinados fueron: contenido de proteína cruda, materia seca, cenizas, grasa cruda, fibra cruda, fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente ácido, calcio, fósforo, digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca y energía metabolizable. Los resultados se compararon por análisis multivariado. De las especies analizadas en época de lluvias Ceiba parvifolia, Waltheria indica, Prosopis leavigata, Solanum sp. y Sanvitalia procumbens aportaron mayor cantidad de proteína cruda, fibra detergente ácida, extracto libre de nitrógeno, fósforo y grasa cruda; mientras que de las colectadas en la época de secas Acacia farnesiana, Prosopis leavigata y Ziziphus pedunculata fueron fuente importante de proteína cruda, energía metabolizable y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca. Estos resultados pueden tener implicaciones para el manejo del alimento de los caprinos en la región de estudio

Differentiating, evaluating, and classifying three quinoa ecotypes by washing, cooking and germination treatments, using 1H NMR-based metabolomic approach

We processed three quinoa ecotypes as they are commonly consumed in a daily diet. For the treatments, quinoa seeds were washed, cooked, and/or germinated. Following treated, we used 1H NMR-based metabolomic profiling to explore differences between the ecotypes. Then, for a non-targeted and targeted food fingerprint analysis of samples, we performed multivariable data analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis. From our study, we were able to discriminate each quinoa ecotype regardless of treatment based on its metabolomic profiling. Additionally, we were able to identify 30 metabolites that were useful to determine the effect of each treatment on nutritional composition. Germination increased the content of most metabolites irrespective of ecotype. In general, ecotype CQE_03 was different from ecotypes CQE_01 and CQE_02. Our phytochemical analysis revealed the effects of washing, cooking, and/or germination, particularly on saponins content

sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231188214 - Supplemental material for Complete ¹H NMR Assignment of Diosgenin Benzoate

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231188214 for Complete 1H NMR Assignment of Diosgenin Benzoate by Elvia Becerra-Martínez, Angel Ernesto Bañuelos-Hernandez and Nury Pérez-Hernández, Pedro Joseph-Nathan in Natural Product Communications</p

Cambios en el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes universitarios. Bogotá, D.C. 2013

Introducción. Los estudios de carácter longitudinal sobre el cambio del estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios en la población universitaria son escasos.  Objetivo. Determinar los cambios en el estado nutricional y en los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina en dos momentos de su vida universitaria.  Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo longitudinal en estudiantes de pregrado en el que se realizó seguimiento de su estado nutricional y consumo de alimentos durante su permanencia en la universidad. La muestra fue intencional. Se registró peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura y se aplicó una encuesta para determinar la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos.  Resultados. No se observó un cambio significativo en la talla pero sí un aumento de peso promedio tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Cerca de la totalidad de estudiantes consumió las tres comidas principales y aproximadamente la mitad omitió las mediasnueves y las onces. Se presentó mayor consumo a diario de leche y sus derivados, carnes y jugos de fruta y menor consumo de frutas y verduras. El consumo diario de comidas rápidas disminuyó y el de los alimentos fritos aumentó.  Conclusión. Es evidente el cambio en el estado nutricional y en algunos hábitos alimentarios en los estudiantes

1H NMR Profiling of the Venom from Hylesia continua: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism

Lepidopterism caused by caterpillar contact is considered a public health problem around the world. The local and systemic responses of this pathology include short- and long-term inflammatory events. Although the proteolytic activity of the venoms from caterpillars is strongly associated with an inflammatory response in humans and murine models, fast and acute symptoms such as a burning sensation, itching, and pain should be related to the presence of low-weight hydrophilic molecules which easily influence cell metabolism. This investigation reports on the 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) profiling of the venom from the larva of Hylesia continua, a caterpillar linked to frequent cases of lepidopterism in the northern highlands of Puebla, Mexico. According to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR data, the venom of H. continua contained 19 compounds with proven pain-inducing activity (i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, ethanol, and glutamate), inflammatory activity (i.e., cadaverine, putrescine, and acetoin), as well as natural immunosuppressive activity (i.e., O-phosphocholine and urocanic acid). The levels of the 19 compounds were calculated using quantitative-NMR (qNMR) and extensively discussed on the basis of their toxic properties which partially explain typical symptoms of lepidopterism caused by the larvae of H. continua. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting a complex mixture of small molecules with inflammatory properties dissolved in the venom of a lepidopteran larva

Metabolomic Insights of Biosurfactant Activity from <i>Bacillus niabensis</i> against Planktonic Cells and Biofilm of <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> Involved in Marine Biofouling

In marine environments, biofilm can cause negative impacts, including the biofouling process. In the search for new non-toxic formulations that inhibit biofilm, biosurfactants (BS) produced by the genus Bacillus have demonstrated considerable potential. To elucidate the changes that BS from B. niabensis promote in growth inhibition and biofilm formation, this research performed a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic profile analysis to compare the metabolic differences between planktonic cells and biofilms of Pseudomonas stutzeri, a pioneer fouling bacteria. The multivariate analysis showed a clear separation between groups with a higher concentration of metabolites in the biofilm than in planktonic cells of P. stutzeri. When planktonic and biofilm stages were treated with BS, some differences were found among them. In planktonic cells, the addition of BS had a minor effect on growth inhibition, but at a metabolic level, NADP+, trehalose, acetone, glucose, and betaine were up-regulated in response to osmotic stress. When the biofilm was treated with the BS, a clear inhibition was observed and metabolites such as glucose, acetic acid, histidine, lactic acid, phenylalanine, uracil, and NADP+ were also up-regulated, while trehalose and histamine were down-regulated in response to the antibacterial effect of the BS

Metabolomic Insights of Biosurfactant Activity from Bacillus niabensis against Planktonic Cells and Biofilm of Pseudomonas stutzeri Involved in Marine Biofouling

In marine environments, biofilm can cause negative impacts, including the biofouling process. In the search for new non-toxic formulations that inhibit biofilm, biosurfactants (BS) produced by the genus Bacillus have demonstrated considerable potential. To elucidate the changes that BS from B. niabensis promote in growth inhibition and biofilm formation, this research performed a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic profile analysis to compare the metabolic differences between planktonic cells and biofilms of Pseudomonas stutzeri, a pioneer fouling bacteria. The multivariate analysis showed a clear separation between groups with a higher concentration of metabolites in the biofilm than in planktonic cells of P. stutzeri. When planktonic and biofilm stages were treated with BS, some differences were found among them. In planktonic cells, the addition of BS had a minor effect on growth inhibition, but at a metabolic level, NADP+, trehalose, acetone, glucose, and betaine were up-regulated in response to osmotic stress. When the biofilm was treated with the BS, a clear inhibition was observed and metabolites such as glucose, acetic acid, histidine, lactic acid, phenylalanine, uracil, and NADP+ were also up-regulated, while trehalose and histamine were down-regulated in response to the antibacterial effect of the BS