Colloque international « Transferts, transgressions, transformations : évolution de la ville américaine / Transfers, Defiance, Alteration : Evolutions in American Cities »

Ce colloque international, organisé par Karolina Katsika, Daniel Peltzman et Pascale Smorag, s’est proposé de croiser les approches disciplinaires sur la question des origines et celle de la transmission des identités urbaines aux États-Unis. Sociologues, américanistes, spécialistes de cinéma, géographes et littéraires ont tenté de comprendre la fluidité et la rémanence des échanges urbains, de proposer des définitions de villes modèles et d’en prouver l’impossible réalité. Cette problématiqu..

Quelles connaissances du Plan S et de la stratégie de non-cession des droits ??

Cette enquête intitulée « Quelle·s connaissance·s du Plan S et de la stratégie de rétention [non-cession] des droits ? » a été menée à la fin de l’année 2022 par le groupe juridique du groupe de travail science ouverte du Consortium Couperin (GTSO). Diffusée sous forme d’un questionnaire en ligne, elle s’adressait aux professionnels de l’information scientifique et technique (IST) et personnels des services d’appui à la recherche, travaillant dans des universités, organismes de recherche et grandes écoles. L’objectif de cette enquête était de mesurer le niveau de connaissance et d’appropriation du Plan S de ces professionnels, leurs besoins éventuels d’accompagnement, alors qu’il n’existe pas à ce jour de cadre d’application global du Plan S dans les établissements et structures de recherche françaises

Early Neurodegeneration Progresses Independently of Microglial Activation by Heparan Sulfate in the Brain of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB Mice

BACKGROUND: In mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease causing early onset mental retardation in children, the production of abnormal oligosaccharidic fragments of heparan sulfate is associated with severe neuropathology and chronic brain inflammation. We addressed causative links between the biochemical, pathological and inflammatory disorders in a mouse model of this disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In cell culture, heparan sulfate oligosaccharides activated microglial cells by signaling through the Toll-like receptor 4 and the adaptor protein MyD88. CD11b positive microglial cells and three-fold increased expression of mRNAs coding for the chemokine MIP1alpha were observed at 10 days in the brain cortex of MPSIIIB mice, but not in MPSIIIB mice deleted for the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 or the adaptor protein MyD88, indicating early priming of microglial cells by heparan sulfate oligosaccharides in the MPSIIIB mouse brain. Whereas the onset of brain inflammation was delayed for several months in doubly mutant versus MPSIIIB mice, the onset of disease markers expression was unchanged, indicating similar progression of the neurodegenerative process in the absence of microglial cell priming by heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. In contrast to younger mice, inflammation in aged MPSIIIB mice was not affected by TLR4/MyD88 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate priming of microglia by HS oligosaccharides through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Although intrinsic to the disease, this phenomenon is not a major determinant of the neurodegenerative process. Inflammation may still contribute to neurodegeneration in late stages of the disease, albeit independent of TLR4/MyD88. The results support the view that neurodegeneration is primarily cell autonomous in this pediatric disease

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Cultiver son jardin, s'inscrire dans la ville : Approche anthropologique des community gardens de New York City

In the 1970s, while the City of New York was facing a serious social and economic crisis, some residents took it upon themselves to invest the urban fabric by turning vacant lots into collective gardens. The city government first encouraged such grassroot initiatives, since they compensated for the lack of open space as well as participated in the life of the neighbourhoods, but it tried to eliminate them in the 1990s, when the crisis started to ebb, making these gardens appear as unprofitable uses of expensive land. The gardeners managed, through the use of media and theatrical resistance, to protect many community gardens temporarily, but their fate is still in the balance today. By studying the history of these gardens as part of a political tradition of community action, and by analyzing four of them through ethnographic observations, it is possible to examine the movement at various levels of interaction ; this multi-scalar approach is indispensable because community gardens are very local initiatives but can only justify their long-term existence by establishing city-wide and larger networks. The issue today is to incorporate these community initiatives into city planning in the context of efforts towards urban sustainability, while protecting their diversity.Dans les années 1970, alors que la Ville de New York faisait face à une grave crise économique et sociale, des citadins ont entrepris d'investir le tissu urbain en transformant des terrains vagues en jardins collectifs. Après avoir accueilli favorablement ces initiatives grassroot qui palliaient des carences en espaces verts et articipaient à la vie des quartiers, la municipalité a cherché à les éliminer dans les années 1990, lorsque la relance économique les a fait apparaître comme un usage peu rentable du territoire. Usant de tactiques fortement médiatiques et théâtrales, les jardiniers ont réussi à protéger provisoirement une grande partie des community gardens, mais leur sort demeure aujourd'hui incertain. L'étude de l'histoire de ces jardins inscrits dans une tradition politique d'intervention par la base, ainsi que l'analyse ethnographique de quatre de ces espaces, permettent de développer un point de vue à plusieurs échelles sur un mouvement né d'initiatives ultra-locales, mais dont seule la mise en réseau à l'échelle de la métropole permet de justifier l'existence à long terme. La question se pose aujourd'hui de la manière dont ces pratiques citoyennes peuvent être intégrées à l'aménagement urbain dans la perspective des politiques de ville durable, tout en ne perdant rien de leur richesse et de leur diversité

Introduction

In 1968 the French Marxist philosopher Henri Lefebvre defined the right to the city as a right to “urban life, to renewed centrality, to places of encounter and exchange, to life rhythms and time uses, enabling the full and complete usage of these moments and places, etc.” His idea caught on in the Western countries and, in recent years, has been widely used as a critical tool by American urban scholars. The study of urban dwellers’ access to space and greenery, as well as the uses these urba..

Développement économique urbain et (in)visibilité des cultures autochtones : les Sioux lakota à Rapid City, SD

International audienceRapid City, SD, is what researchers call a border town, established close to Native American reservations and still characterized by fear and colonial violence. Recent efforts made by business owners to foster economic development through tourism have led to highlighting local Native cultures, especially in downtown public spaces. Yet, more mundane or politicized - non commodifiable - forms of indigenous visibility remain either ignored or largely stigmatized in discourse and in practice. This raises the issue of a possible normalization of the presence of indigenous bodies in the city. The article ends with a discussion on the relationship between public and private involvement in the making of the city, as well as the relationship between culture and politics, based on a broader reflection about the potential rehabilitation of Native Americans as legitimate inhabitants of a territory they were historically erased from, and full-fledged actors of urban life.Rapid City, en Dakota del Sur, es lo que los investigadores llaman una ciudad fronteriza (border town), situada cerca de reservas indígenas y se caracteriza aún por el miedo y la violencia colonial. Los recientes esfuerzos de empresas privadas para generar un desarrollo económico mediante el turismo han puesto en primer plano las culturas indígenas locales, en particular en el espacio público del centro de la ciudad. Sin embargo, su visibilidad más banal o politizada, no mercantilizable, sigue siendo ignorada, incluso estigmatizada, en el discurso y las prácticas, lo que plantea la cuestión de una posible normalización de la presencia de los cuerpos indígenas en la ciudad. El artículo termina con un debate sobre la relación entre lo público y lo privado en la construcción de la ciudad, y la cuestión del vínculo entre la cultura y la política, a través del prisma de una reflexión sobre la posible rehabilitación de los indígenas como ocupantes legítimos de un territorio del que han sido históricamente borrados y actores de pleno derecho de la vida urbana.Rapid City, dans le Dakota du Sud aux États-Unis, est ce que les chercheurs appellent une border town, ville proche de réserves amérindiennes, caractérisées aujourd’hui encore par la peur et la violence coloniale. Les efforts fournis récemment par des entreprises privées pour générer du développement économique par le tourisme ont mis en avant les cultures autochtones locales, notamment dans l’espace public du centre-ville. Cependant, la visibilité amérindienne plus banale ou politisée, non marchandisable reste ignorée, voire stigmatisée, dans les discours et les pratiques, posant la question d’une possible normalisation de la présence des corps autochtones dans la ville. L’article se termine par une discussion des questions soulevées par l’intégration du fait autochtone dans les politiques de redynamisation urbaine de villes frontières comme Rapid City

Indigeneity, Subalternity and Lakota Territorial Resurgence: Disrupting Urban Settler Colonial Order in a US Bordertown

At first glance, the concept of the subaltern seems to perfectly describe the position of Native Americans within contemporary US society, yet, until recently, it was not commonly used by Indigenous studies scholars. This has changed partly due to the emergence of the field of settler colonial studies, born of the dialogue between postcolonial and Indigenous studies. In particular, scholars have looked at the historical and contemporary role cities are playing in highlighting patterns of dispossession and resistance. In the article, we look at the contributions of this new theoretical framework, then focus on the case of Rapid City, SD, presenting its history of dispossession and violence, and showing how Indigenous resurgence challenges that history