20 research outputs found
Volcanic plume height monitoring using calibrated web cameras at the Icelandic Meteorological Office: system overview and first application during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption
This research was funded by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) under the Joint Finance Agreement with the Icelandic Meteorological Office, for working paper JS.212.WP.2054The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the SO2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the SO2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts.Icelandic Meteorological OfficeInternational Civil Aviation Organizatio
Multi-Parametric Field Experiment Links Explosive Activity and Persistent Degassing at Stromboli
Visually unattainable magmatic processes in volcanic conduits, such as degassing, are closely linked to eruptive styles at the surface, but their roles are not completely identified and understood. To gain insights, a multi-parametric experiment at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was installed in July 2016 focusing on the normal explosive activity and persistent degassing. During this experiment, gas-dominated (type 0) and particle-loaded (type 1) explosions, already defined by other studies, were clearly identified. A FLIR thermal camera, an Ultra-Violet SOâ camera and a scanning Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy were deployed to record pyroclast and SO2 masses emitted during individual explosions, as well as persistent SOâ fluxes, respectively. An ASHER instrument was also deployed in order to collect ash fallouts and to measure the grain size distribution of the samples. SO2 measurements confirm that persistent degassing was far greater than that emitted during the explosions. Further, we found that the data could be characterized by two periods. In the first period (25â27 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 0 explosions, characterized by high velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were relatively low (280 kg/event on average), while persistent SO2 fluxes were high (274 t/d on average). In the second period (29â30 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 1 explosions, characterized by low velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were almost ten times higher (2,400 kg/event on average), while persistent gas fluxes were significantly lower (82 t/d on average). Ash characterization also indicates that type 0 explosions fragments were characterized by a larger proportion of non-juvenile material compared to type 1 explosions fragments. This week-long field experiment suggests that, at least within short time periods, Stromboliâs type 1 explosions can be associated with low levels of degassing and the mass of particles accompanying such explosive events depends on the volume of a degassed magma cap sitting at the head of the magma column. This could make the classic particle-loaded explosions of Stromboli an aside from the true eruptive state of the volcano. Instead, gas-dominated explosions can be associated with high levels of degassing and are indicative of a highly charged (with gas) system. We thus suggest that relatively deep magmatic processes, such as persistent degassing and slug formation can rapidly influence the superficial behavior of the eruptive conduit, modulating the presence or absence of degassed magma at the explosion/fragmentation level
Insights into volcanic hazards and plume chemistry from multi-parameter observations: the eruptions of FimmvörĂ°uhĂĄls and Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and Holuhraun (2014â2015)
The eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 (including its initial effusive phase at FimmvörĂ°uhĂĄls and its later explosive phase from the central volcano) and BĂĄrĂ°arbunga volcano in 2014â2015 (at Holuhraun) were widely reported. Here, we report on complementary, interdisciplinary observations made of the eruptive gases and lavas that shed light on the processes and atmospheric impacts of the eruptions, and afford an intercomparison of contrasting eruptive styles and hazards. We find that (i) consistent with other authors, there are substantial differences in the gas composition between the eruptions; namely that the deeper stored Eyjafjallajökull magmas led to greater enrichment in Cl relative to S; (ii) lava field SO2 degassing was measured to be 5â20% of the total emissions during Holuhraun, and the lava emissions were enriched in Cl at both fissure eruptionsâparticularly FimmvörĂ°uhĂĄls; and (iii) BrO is produced in Icelandic plumes in spite of the low UV levels
Isotopically (ÎŽ13C and ÎŽ18O) heavy volcanic plumes from Central Andean volcanoes: a field study
Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in volcanic
gases are key tracers of volatile transfer between Earthâs interior
and atmosphere. Although important, these data are available
for few volcanoes because they have traditionally been difficult
to obtain and are usually measured on gas samples collected
from fumaroles. We present new field measurements of bulk
plume composition and stable isotopes (ÎŽ13CCO2 and ÎŽ18OH2O+
CO2) carried out at three northern Chilean volcanoes using
MultiGAS and isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy. Carbon
and oxygen in magmatic gas plumes of Lastarria and Isluga
volcanoes have ÎŽ13C in CO2 of +0.76â° to +0.77â° (VPDB),
similar to slab carbonate; and ÎŽ18O in the H2O + CO2 system
ranging from +12.2â° to +20.7â° (VSMOW), suggesting significant
contributions from altered slab pore water and carbonate.
The hydrothermal plume at Tacora has lower ÎŽ13CCO2 of
â3.2â° and ÎŽ18OH2O+CO2 of +7.0â°, reflecting various scrubbing,
kinetic fractionation, and contamination processes. We
show the isotopic characterization of volcanic gases in the field
to be a practical complement to traditional sampling methods,
with the potential to remove sampling bias that is a risk when
only a few samples from accessible fumaroles are used to characterize
a given volcanoâs volatile output. Our results indicate
that there is a previously unrecognized, relatively heavy isotopic
signature to bulk volcanic gas plumes in the Central Andes,
which can be attributed to a strong influence from components
of the subducting slab, but may also reflect some local crustal
contamination. The techniques we describe open new avenues
for quantifying the roles that subduction zones and arc volcanoes
play in the global carbon cycle.Published653V. ProprietĂ dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcaniciJCR Journa
Unrest at the Nevados de ChillĂĄn volcanic complex: a failed or yet to unfold magmatic eruption?
Resuming erupting activity at volcanoes that have been long quiescent poses a significant challenge to hazard assessment, as it require assessment of whether the change in activity is an isolated event or the beginning of a new eruptive sequence. Such inception is often poorly characterised as quiescent volcanoes tend to be poorly equipped and not extensively monitored, especially with respect to gas geochemistry. Here, we report gas composition and flux measurements from a newly opened vent at the very onset of eruptive activity at the Nevados de ChillĂĄn volcanic complex (Chile) in January-February 2016. The molar proportions of H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 gases are found to be 98.4, 0.97, 0.11, 0.01 and 0.5 mol% respectively. The mean SO2 flux recorded in early February 2016 during periods of eruptive discharge amounts to 0.4-0.6 kg s-1. Our results indicate that the new vent opening was propelled by magmatic gases, triggering repeated eruptions. Ash particles ejected by the first blast of 8 January are dominated by lithic fragments of dacitic composition. By contrast the ash ejected in a subsequent eruption contains both lithic fragments of dense dacite, and a fresher, sparsely vesicular material of basaltic andesite composition. By October 2017 the ejected ash is back to being dominated by the dense dacitic lithic material. Together with the seismic and deformation record, these observations point to the explosive activity resulting from a small intrusion of basaltic to andesitic magma at shallow level. The fate of this magma, whether stalling or eventually triggering a magmatic eruption, remains to be seen, but current observations suggest the former is most likely
First recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, 2011
We present a synthesis of diverse observations of the first recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, which began on 12 June 2011. While no monitoring of the volcano was in effect at the time, it has been possible to reconstruct the nature and evolution of the eruption through analysis of re- gional seismological and infrasound data and satellite remote sensing data, supplemented by petrological analysis of erupted products and brief field surveys. The event is notable for the comparative rarity of recorded historical eruptions in the region and of caldera systems in general, for the prodi- gious quantity of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere and the significant human impacts that ensued notwithstanding the low population density of the Afar region. It is also relevant in understanding the broader magmatic and tectonic signifi- cance of the volcanic massif of which Nabro forms a part and which strikes obliquely to the principal rifting directions in the Red Sea and northern Afar. The whole-rock compositions of
Editorial responsibility: G. Giordano
the erupted lavas and tephra range from trachybasaltic to trachybasaltic andesite, and crystal-hosted melt inclusions contain up to 3,000 ppm of sulphur by weight. The eruption was preceded by significant seismicity, detected by regional networks of sensors and accompanied by sustained tremor. Substantial infrasound was recorded at distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometres from the vent, beginning at the onset of the eruption and continuing for weeks. Analysis of ground deformation suggests the eruption was fed by a shal- low, NWâSE-trending dike, which is consistent with field and satellite observations of vent distributions. Despite lack of prior planning and preparedness for volcanic events in the country, rapid coordination of the emergency response miti- gated the human costs of the eruption
Use of motion estimation algorithms for improved flux measurements using SO 2 cameras
International audienceSO2 cameras are rapidly gaining popularity as a tool for monitoring SO2 emissions from volcanoes. Several different SO2 camera systems have been developed with varying patterns of image acquisition in space, time and wavelength. Despite this diversity, there are two steps common to the workflows of most of these systems; aligning images of different wavelengths to calculate apparent absorbance and estimating plume transport speeds, both of which can be achieved using motion estimation algorithms. Here we present two such algorithms, a Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform-based algorithm and the FarnebÀck Optical Flow algorithm. We assess their accuracy using a synthetic dataset created using the numeric cloud-resolving model ATHAM, and then apply them to real world data from Villarrica volcano. Both algorithms are found to perform well and the ATHAM simulations offer useful datasets for benchmarking and validating future algorithms
Climate-driven deposition of water ice and the formation of mounds in craters in Marsâ north polar region
This paper explores the origins and evolution of ice-rich interior mounds found within craters of the north polar region of Mars. We present a systematic study of impact craters above 65°N, and identify 18 craters that have interior mounds. At least 11 of these mounds are composed of water ice and geometric similarities suggest that dune-covered mounds may also have a water ice core. The mounds are found in the deeper craters in the north polar area and we suggest that these form a specific microclimate favorable for mound initiation and growth. It is likely that at least seven of the mounds have evolved as individual outliers, rather than conterminous with the main polar cap. Our observations suggest that the mounds are built up by atmospheric deposition, similar to that of the north polar layered deposits. Using a combination of remote sensing techniques enabling topographic, spectral, radar and image data analyses, we have documented the morphology, composition and stratigraphy of selected mounds. We advance and test four hypotheses for formation of these mounds: artesian outpouring from a deep aquifer, hydrothermal activation of ground ice, remnants of a more extensive polar cap, and atmospheric deposition on ice caps in meteorologically isolated locations. We propose that during periods when the perihelion was located in northern summer (most recently 10â25 ka before present) the microclimate in these craters retarded the sublimation of CO2 and water ice in northern spring, thus creating a cold trap for volatiles released as the seasonal cap retreated. This created a thick enough deposit of water ice to withstand sublimation over the summer and initiate a positive feedback leading to mound-building. Mounds without complete dune-cover may be in dynamic equilibrium with the ambient climate and show evidence of both present-day and past periods of erosion and aggradation. We conclude that the water ice mounds formed in deep impact craters in Marsâ north polar region may contain sensitive records of past polar climate that may enhance our understanding of the CO2âH2O system in the polar regions
Multi-parametric field experiment links explosive activity and persistent degassing at Stromboli
Co-auteur Ă©trangerInternational audienceVisually unattainable magmatic processes in volcanic conduits, such as degassing, are closely linked to eruptive styles at the surface, but their roles are not completely identified and understood. To gain insights, a multi-parametric experiment at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was installed in July 2016 focusing on the normal explosive activity and persistent degassing. During this experiment, gas-dominated (type 0) and particle-loaded (type 1) explosions, already defined by other studies, were clearly identified. A FLIR thermal camera, an UV SOâ camera and a scanning DOAS were deployed to record pyroclast and SO2 masses emitted during individual explosions, as well as persistent SOâ fluxes, respectively. An ASHER instrument was also deployed in order to collect ash fallouts and to measure the grain size distribution of the samples. SO2 measurements confirm that persistent degassing was far greater than that emitted during the explosions. Further, we found that the data could be characterized by two periods. In the first period (25-27 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 0 explosions, characterized by high velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were relatively low (280 kg/event on average), while persistent SO2 fluxes were high (274 t/d on average). In the second period (29-30 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 1 explosions, characterized by low velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were almost ten times higher (2400 kg/event on average), while persistent gas fluxes were significantly lower (82 t/d on average). Ash characterization also indicates that type 0 explosions fragments were characterized by a larger proportion of non-juvenile material compared to type 1 explosions fragments. This week-long field experiment suggests that, at least within short time periods, Stromboli's type 1 explosions can be associated with low levels of degassing and the mass of particles accompanying such explosive events depends on the volume of a degassed magma cap sitting at the head of the magma column. This could make the classic particle-loaded explosions of Stromboli an aside from the true eruptive state of the volcano. Instead, gas-dominated explosions can be associated with hig
Multi-parametric field experiment links explosive activity and persistent degassing at Stromboli
Co-auteur Ă©trangerInternational audienceVisually unattainable magmatic processes in volcanic conduits, such as degassing, are closely linked to eruptive styles at the surface, but their roles are not completely identified and understood. To gain insights, a multi-parametric experiment at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was installed in July 2016 focusing on the normal explosive activity and persistent degassing. During this experiment, gas-dominated (type 0) and particle-loaded (type 1) explosions, already defined by other studies, were clearly identified. A FLIR thermal camera, an UV SOâ camera and a scanning DOAS were deployed to record pyroclast and SO2 masses emitted during individual explosions, as well as persistent SOâ fluxes, respectively. An ASHER instrument was also deployed in order to collect ash fallouts and to measure the grain size distribution of the samples. SO2 measurements confirm that persistent degassing was far greater than that emitted during the explosions. Further, we found that the data could be characterized by two periods. In the first period (25-27 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 0 explosions, characterized by high velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were relatively low (280 kg/event on average), while persistent SO2 fluxes were high (274 t/d on average). In the second period (29-30 July), activity was mainly characterized by type 1 explosions, characterized by low velocity jets. Pyroclast mass fluxes were almost ten times higher (2400 kg/event on average), while persistent gas fluxes were significantly lower (82 t/d on average). Ash characterization also indicates that type 0 explosions fragments were characterized by a larger proportion of non-juvenile material compared to type 1 explosions fragments. This week-long field experiment suggests that, at least within short time periods, Stromboli's type 1 explosions can be associated with low levels of degassing and the mass of particles accompanying such explosive events depends on the volume of a degassed magma cap sitting at the head of the magma column. This could make the classic particle-loaded explosions of Stromboli an aside from the true eruptive state of the volcano. Instead, gas-dominated explosions can be associated with hig