Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector

The fundamentals of pyrolysis, its latest developments, the different conditions of the process and its residues are of great importance in evaluating the applicability of the pyrolysis process within the waste management sector and in waste treatment. In particular the types of residue and their further use or treatment is of extreme interest as they could become the source of secondary raw materials or be used for energy generation in waste treatments. The main area of focus of this paper is the investigation of the link between the pyrolysis conditions, the chemical and mineralogical composition of their products and the benefits of pyrolysis in the waste management sector. More specifically the paper covers the fast, intermediate and slow pyrolysis of organic waste and mixtures of inorganic and organic waste from households. The influence of catalysts during fast pyrolysis on the product yield and composition is not being considered in this review.This reported work was conducted as part of the “Design Optimisation of the HERU Waste Treatment System” project in Brunel University London that was funded by Manik Ventures Limited

The effects of cost of conversion on procuct cost according to tms-2 stock standards and a case study

Bu çalışmanın amacı günümüzde uygulanmakta olan vergi kanunlarımızın uygulanmasını öngördüğü tam maliyet yöntemi ile mamul maliyetlerinin doğru hesaplanamayacağını göstermektir. Bunun nedeni ise işletmenin düşük kapasitede çalışması durumunda bunu normal kapasiteymiş gibi kabul edip, atıl kapasiteyi de mamul maliyetlerine dâhil etmesidir. TMS-2'nin getirmiş olduğu normal maliyet yöntemi ise düşük kapasiteyle çalışan işletmelerin mamul maliyetlerine, atıl kapasiteyi dâhil etmeyerek daha doğru mamul maliyetini tespit ettiğini göstermek amacıyla, TMS-2 Stoklar standardının uygun gördüğü normal maliyet yöntemi ile vergi kanunlarımızın uygun gördüğü tam maliyet yöntemi arasındaki ürün maliyet farklarını ortaya koyulacaktır. Amaç bu iki maliyet yöntemini karşılaştırarak güçlü ve zayıf yönleriyle kıyaslayıp, bir sanayi işletmesinde uygulama yaparak, işletme ortak ve yöneticilerine faydalı olabilecek öneriler geliştirmektir.The main purpose of this study is to show that cost management,which is found suitable by tax law and inventoriable cost be calculated correctly.The reason is that in case business is exposed to marginal capacity idle capacity can be added to inventorible cost. TMS-2 s normal cost management don't add inventorible cost with idle capacity to inventorible cost . With the purpose of proving doing the right thing, TMS-2 will show the product cost difference between normal cost management approved by by TMS-2 stock standards and Full cost method approved by the tax law of the country. The main purpose is to bring forward some proposals for shareholders and administrators by comparing these two cost methods and performing an application in industrial building

An Effective Method for Detecting and Classifying Diabetic Retinopathy Lesions Based on Deep Learning

Diabetic retinopathy occurs as a result of the harmful effects of diabetes on the eyes. Diabetic retinopathy is also a disease that should be diagnosed early. If not treated early, vision loss may occur. It is estimated that one third of more than half a million diabetic patients will have diabetic retinopathy by the 22nd century. Many effective methods have been proposed for disease detection with deep learning. In this study, unlike other studies, a deep learning-based method has been proposed in which diabetic retinopathy lesions are detected automatically and independently of datasets, and the detected lesions are classified. In the first stage of the proposed method, a data pool is created by collecting diabetic retinopathy data from different datasets. With Faster RCNN, lesions are detected, and the region of interests are marked. The images obtained in the second stage are classified using the transfer learning and attention mechanism. The method tested in Kaggle and MESSIDOR datasets reached 99.1% and 100% ACC and 99.9% and 100% AUC, respectively. When the obtained results are compared with other results in the literature, it is seen that more successful results are obtained

Integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids: Modeling and Optimization of DERs

In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community’s and stakeholders’ reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid’s total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode

Integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids: Modeling and Optimization of DERs

In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community’s and stakeholders’ reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid’s total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode

Degradation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using an electrochemical plug flow reactor

In recent years, shorter-chain fluorinated compounds have been manufactured as alternatives to legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) after a global ban on some long-chain PFAS. This study is the first to investigate the degradability of emerging PFAS by an electrochemical plug flow reactor (EPFR). Ten different emerging PFAS, representing classes of fluorotelomer alcohol, perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylate, polyfluoroalkyl ethersulfonic acids, perfluoroalkyl ether/polyether carboxylates, perfluoroether sulfonate, N-alkyl perfluoroalkylsulfonamido carboxylate, fluoroalkyl phosphonic acid, and perfluoro alkane sulfonamide were investigated. The process kinetics was performed. The degradation of parent compounds increased with increasing retention time (RT). At 45.2 min of RT, the degradation of parent compounds ranged between 68%−100% with a current density of 17.2 mA/cm2. A linear increase in pseudo-first order rate constants was observed for all PFAS with increasing current density from 5.7 to 28.7 mA/cm2 (R2 ;gt; 0.91). The effect of pH, natural organic matter, and bicarbonate on the degradation, defluorination, and fluorine mass balance are reported. Alkaline pH (11) caused a decrease in degradation for all PFAS. While the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) significantly decreased the degradation and defluorination processes, the presence of bicarbonate at all studied concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/L) did not affect the process efficiency. The defluorination reduced to 34% from 81% with 15 mg/L NOM. The unknown/undetected fluorine fraction also increased in the presence of 15 mg/L NOM indicating the formation of NOM-PFAS complexes. Additionally, C2-C8 perfluoro carboxylic acids (PFCAs), one perfluoro sulfonic acid (PFSA), two H-PFCAs, and 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS) were identified as degradation byproducts in suspect screening. The electrical energy per order for PFAS ranged between 1.8 and 19.4 kWh/m3. This study demonstrates that emerging types of PFAS can potentially be degraded using an EPFR with relatively low electrical energy requirements. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Temple University, TUThis work is based upon research partially supported by IUCRC Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, and Temple University . The authors also thank Manisha Choudhary, PhD, for her helpful review of this article. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the WET Center or Temple University

Evaluation of anti-cancer drug ımatinib removal by electro-oxidation process using response surface method

Atıksularında bulunan farmasötikler sucul canlılar üzerinde oldukça toksik olmaları nedeniyle büyüyen birendişe haline gelmektedir. Atıksularda ve yüzeysel sularda farmasötiklerin konsantrasyonları ?g/L ve ng/Lgibi çok düşük seviyelerde olmasına rağmen bunların kronik etkileri nedeniyle ciddi ve acil bir araştırmayagerek duyulmaktadır. Bu çevre ve sağlık problemlerinine yol açan farmasötik mikrokirleticileri atıksulardangidermek için klasik arıtma yöntemleri yetersiz olması sebebiyle ileri arıtma yöntemlerine ihtiyacduyulmaktadır. Özellikle elektrokimyasal prosesler bu tür mikrokirleticileri arıtmak için oldukça başarılıyöntemler olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Imatinib (IMT) adlı etken maddenin elektrooksidasyonyöntemi ile arıtılması çalışılmıştır. Imatinib etken maddesinin arıtılması için kimyasalelektrokimyasalstabiliteye sahip Ti/RuO2 elektrotu kullanılmıştır. Optimum çalışma şartlarınınbelirlenmesi amacıyla yüzey yanıt metodu (YYM) kullanılarak proses optimizasyonu yapılmıştır.The pharmaceuticals which are found in the wastewater treatment effluents of the companies that producecancer drug have become a serious fear for biotic living beings as they are toxic. Although the concentrationof pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater are in low levels like ?g/L and ng/L levels, because oftheir chronical effects they are needed to be removed from water immediately. They are not amenable toconventional biological treatment due to their toxicity even at low concentrations. Therefore, powerfuloxidation methods have to be researched to remove them from waters, thus avoiding their potential adversehealth effects on humans and animals. Especially electrochemical processes to purify such micro pollutantshave attracted attention as very successful methods. In this study, electro-oxidation of Imatinib (IMT) hasbeen studied. Ti/RuO2 electrode which has chemical and elevtrochenical stability has been used. In orde