The domestic resource cost concept: Theory and an empirical application to the case of Spain

The problem of how to make an optimum use of a country's limited productive resources is often a crucial one to the policy makers in less developed countries (LDCs). Not surprisingly, therefore, the various methods of cost-benefit analysis have attracted much attention among professional economists and are finding a wide spread application in evaluating the social profitability of investment projects and in the planning decision-making process as well. Relatively less attention has been paid to yet another criterion of project appraisal in a developing country that has been developed independently of social cost benefit analysis - the so called domestic resource cost (DRC) approach to project appraisals. This approach is properly regarded as the application of the propositions of allocation theory when the project, or the industry in question, produces (or saves) foreign exchange. The DRC concept compares the opportunity costs of domestic resources (primary factors such as labour, capital, land) conmitted to the production of final goods with prices at which these goods can be exported or imported - the latter prices (the foreign exchange gained or saved) being considered as the ensuing benefits from production. The rationale for using the foreign exchange gained (through exports) or saved (through imports) as a standard of reference is that foreign exchange is relatively, and often critically, scarce in many developing countries.

On an alternative representation for a wide class of binary relations

It is shown that any antireflexive binary relation which is either transitive or symmetric can be represented by a specific tree structure whose nodes are of maximum order 3. The relationship between this representation and an analogous representation for a narrower class of relations (previously called “splitting”) is discussed. Algorithms are developed for obtaining the tree structures from a matrix representation

On the Origin of the Third Ionospheric Echo

There is still some difference of opinion regarding the ray, ordinary or extraordinary, to which the so-called third or Z-component of the ionospheric echoes correspond, It is pointed out in the paper that there need be no controversy on the subject because, as first clearly shown by Bhar, the branch of the dispersion curve which passes through the ''point'' of reflection of the Z-component is really an ordinary branch. Calculations arc further carried out to determine the retardation that the extraordinary ray would suffer, if it were able to partially penetrate its first point of reflection, in its passage into regions of higher electronic densities. It is found that the retardation on reaching the asymptote of the dispersion curve would become infinite, so that, the extraordinary ray, under no circumstances, is able to penetrate the barrier, One is thus forced to the alternative that it is the ordinary ray which provides the Z-component in the ionospheric echo pattern

Enhancement in thermoelectric power in lead telluride nanocomposite: role of oxygen vis-a-vis nanostruct

The present work reports enhanced power factor and reduced value of room temperature thermal conductivity in undoped PbTe nanocomposite, prepared from PbTe nanocrystals, synthesized via chemical route. The highest power factor is found to be 19.21 ´ 10 –4 Wm –1K –2 with room temperature thermal conductivity of 1.53 Wm –1K –1. The potential barrier at the sharp interfaces of the grains of the nanocomposites, occurred due to the adsorption of oxygen by the grain surfaces, have been found to play the main role to produce the high value of Seebeck coefficient (416 mV/K at 500 K) by preferentially scattering the lower energy electrons and thus enhancing the power factor. The lattice destruction at the grain interfaces has been found to cause the remarkable reduction in thermal conductivity, through scattering a wide spectrum of phonon wavelength. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2205

Economic development and the patterns of manufactured exports

The need to expand the export of manufactures from less developed countries has now been realised by national and international bodies. To device meaningful policies, it seems necessary to understand whether and how the share of manufactures in a country's total exports is related to certain supply-oriented characteristics. For this purpose, a multiple regression analysis on the basis of cross-sectional data is attempted in this study . In a pooled sample of developed and developing countries, the share of manufactures in total exports is positively associated not only with the level of per capita income and the degree of industrialisation , but also with the density and size of population and ( though not statistically significant ) the availability of skills . All these variables together explain statistically more than 60 per cent of the total variation in observed data on the share of manufactures in total exports. The share of manufactures in total exports is likely to increase rapidly with per capita income, but only up to a certain point after which it levels off. Countries with a high density of population tend to export manufactures at an earlier stage and in greater proportion than countries with a low density. For most of the developed countries the actual shares of industrial exports are seen to have exceeded the "expected" shares, whereas for most of the less developed countries the reverse holds true . When the cross-section analysis is confined to less developed countries only, the share of manufactures in total exports, although positively associated with the degree of industrialisation , is conversely ( but not significantly ) related to per capita income

The domestic resource cost concept: Theory and an empirical application to the case of Spain

The problem of how to make an optimum use of a country's limited productive resources is often a crucial one to the policy makers in less developed countries (LDCs). Not surprisingly, therefore, the various methods of cost-benefit analysis have attracted much attention among professional economists and are finding a wide spread application in evaluating the social profitability of investment projects and in the planning decision-making process as well. Relatively less attention has been paid to yet another criterion of project appraisal in a developing country that has been developed independently of social cost benefit analysis - the so called domestic resource cost (DRC) approach to project appraisals. This approach is properly regarded as the application of the propositions of allocation theory when the project, or the industry in question, produces (or saves) foreign exchange. The DRC concept compares the opportunity costs of domestic resources (primary factors such as labour, capital, land) conmitted to the production of final goods with prices at which these goods can be exported or imported - the latter prices (the foreign exchange gained or saved) being considered as the ensuing benefits from production. The rationale for using the foreign exchange gained (through exports) or saved (through imports) as a standard of reference is that foreign exchange is relatively, and often critically, scarce in many developing countries

Influence of Growth Regulators and Explant on Plant Regeneration in Tomato

Influence of different growth regulators was studied on in vitro growth and regeneration of tomato (Solanum esculentum) explants derived from hypocotyls and cotyledons of aseptically grown seedlings. On the basis of regeneration frequency, number of shoot primordia and shoots produced per explants, it is concluded that the best regeneration is achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L"1 of indole-3-acetic acid and 1.0 mg L"1 zeatin. In all the genotypes studied, a good percentage of regeneration frequency was observed in hypocotyl explants used

Density-and trait-mediated effects of a parasite and a predator in a tri-trophic food web

1. Despite growing interest in ecological consequences of parasitism in food webs, relatively little is known about effects of parasites on long-term population dynamics of non-host species or about whether such effects are density- or trait- mediated. 2. We studied a tri-trophic food chain comprised of: (i) a bacterial basal resource (Serratia fonticola), (ii) an intermediate consumer (Paramecium caudatum), (iii) a top predator (Didinium nasutum), and (iv) a parasite of the intermediate consumer (Holospora undulata). A fully-factorial experimental manipulation of predator and parasite presence/absence was combined with analyses of population dynamics, modelling, and analyses of host (Paramecium) morphology and behavior. 3. Predation and parasitism each reduced the abundance of the intermediate consumer (Paramecium), and parasitism indirectly reduced the abundance of the basal resource (Serratia). However, in combination, predation and parasitism had non-additive effects on the abundance of the intermediate consumer, as well as on that of the basal resource. In both cases, the negative effect of parasitism seemed to be effaced by predation. 4. Infection of the intermediate consumer reduced predator abundance. Modelling and additional experimentation revealed that this was most likely due to parasite reduction of intermediate host abundance (a density-mediated effect), as opposed to changes in predator functional or numerical response. 5. Parasitism altered morphological and behavioural traits, by reducing host cell length and increasing the swimming speed of cells with moderate parasite loads. Additional tests showed no significant difference in Didinium feeding rate on infected and uninfected hosts, suggesting that the combination of these modifications does not affect host vulnerability to predation. However, estimated rates of encounter with Serratia based on these modifications were higher for infected Paramecium than for uninfected Paramecium. 6. A mixture of density-mediated and trait-mediated indirect effects of parasitism on non- host species creates rich and complex possibilities for effects of parasites in food webs that should be included in assessments of possible impacts of parasite eradication or introduction