Los incendios forestales en Galicia y su investigación

El trabajo se centra en la investigación policial de los incendios forestales en Galicia, examinándose sus características generales, las cuestiones relativas a la investigación de las causas y, ya en el ámbito de las pruebas personales, la prueba testimonial, el uso de inteligencia criminal y la actividad operativa. A título introductorio, se realizan una serie de precisiones sobre las características de los incendios en Galicia y sobre los perfiles policial y socio-psicológico de sus autores. A modo de conclusión se incide en la necesidad de redirigir la investigación de las causas del incendio, de tal manera que pueda poner de manifiesto, también, la existencia de comportamientos sectoriales antisociales, de desórdenes relativos a conductas imprudentes o de factores estructurales que coadyuven a la virulencia del incendio

Role of the IFN I system against the VHSV infection in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

Senegalese sole is susceptible to marine VHSV isolates but is not affected by freshwater isolates, which may indicate differences regarding virus-host immune system interaction. IFN I induces an antiviral state in fish, stimulating the expression of genes encoding antiviral proteins (ISG). In this study, the stimulation of the Senegalese sole IFN I by VHSV infections has been evaluated by the relative quantification of the transcription of several ISG (Mx, Isg15 and Pkr) after inoculation with marine (pathogenic) and freshwater (non-pathogenic) VHSV isolates. Compared to marine VHSV, lower levels of RNA of the freshwater VHSV induced transcription of ISG to similar levels, with the Isg15 showing the highest fold induction. The protective role of the IFN I system was evaluated in poly I:C-inoculated animals subse‑ quently challenged with VHSV isolates. The cumulative mortality caused by the marine isolate in the control group was 68%, whereas in the poly I:C-stimulated group was 5%. The freshwater VHSV isolate did not cause any mortality. Furthermore, viral RNA fold change and viral titers were lower in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups than in the controls. The implication of the IFN I system in the protection observed was confirmed by the transcription of the ISG in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups. However, the marine VHSV isolate exerts a negative effect on the ISG transcription at 3 and 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), which is not observed for the freshwater isolate. This difference might be partly responsible for the virulence shown by the marine isolateThis study was funded by the project P09-CVI-4579 from Junta de Andalucía (proyectos de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía), and partially by the CSD2007-00002 Aquagenomics grant (funded by the program Consolider-Ingenio 2010) from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC). D. Alvarez-Torres was supported by a fellowship from Junta de Andalucía (Proyecto de Excelencia P09- CVI-4579)S

Senegalese sole immune response against betanodavirus recombinants harboring modifications in the 3' terminal region of the RNA1

The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the etiological agent of the viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a disease affecting a high number of fish species worldwide. NNV genome is composed of two segments RNA1 and RNA2, encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the capsid protein, respectively. NNV has been classified into four species: SJNNV, TPNNV, RGNNV and BFNNV. Furthermore, reassortants between RGNNV and SJNNV have been reported, such as wt160 isolated from Senegalese sole, which presents a RGNNV-RNA1 and a SJNNV-RNA2 type segments, and causes 100% mortality in this fish species. This isolate exhibited differences in the 3’ NCR of both genomic segments when compared to the reference strains of each genotype. In this study, the effect on virulence of the substitutions observed in the 3’NCR of the wt160-RNA1 has been evaluated, by the development of two recombinants harbouring mutations at position 3073 and 3093, which make the wt160-RNA1 similar to the reference RGNNV. Moreover, immune response of sole against the infection with these recombinants compared to the wild-type, has been evaluated using an OpenArray. The infection with the recombinants r3073 and r3093 decreased the mortality to 29.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the number of DEGs was higher at 3 days than at 2 days p.i., after the infection with the three viruses, being the number of DEG quite similar among viruses. Significant differences between DEG fold changes after infection with the mutants and the wt160 will be discussed. It should be highlighted that at 2 days p.i., the gene gig1 was not expressed after the infection with r3073 and r3093. However, at 3 days p.i. this gene was expressed at the highest level after the infection with the three viruses. Moreover, the infection with the wt160 induced the down-regulation of the genes gilt and magel2, which was not observed after the infections with r3073.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Capsid amino acids at positions 247 and 270 are involved in the virulence of betanodaviruses to European sea bass

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is severely afected by nervous necrosis disease, caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV). Two out of the four genotypes of this virus (red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, RGNNV; and striped jack nervous necrosis virus, SJNNV) have been detected in sea bass, although showing diferent levels of virulence to this fsh species. Thus, sea bass is highly susceptible to RGNNV, whereas outbreaks caused by SJNNV have not been reported in this fsh species. The role of the capsid protein (Cp) amino acids 247 and 270 in the virulence of a RGNNV isolate to sea bass has been evaluated by the generation of recombinant RGNNV viruses harbouring SJNNV-type amino acids in the above mentioned positions (Mut247Dl965, Mut270Dl965 and Mut247+270Dl965). Viral in vitro and in vivo replication, virus virulence and fsh immune response triggered by these viruses have been analysed. Mutated viruses replicated on E-11 cells, although showing some diferences compared to the wild type virus, suggesting that the mutations can afect the viral cell recognition and entry. In vivo, fsh mortality caused by mutated viruses was 75% lower, and viral replication in sea bass brain was altered compared to non-mutated virus. Regarding sea bass immune response, mutated viruses triggered a lower induction of IFN I system and infammatory response-related genes. Furthermore, mutations caused changes in viral serological properties (especially the mutation in amino acid 270), inducing higher seroconversion and changing antigen recognitionThis study has been supported by the projects AGL2017-84644-R (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE) and AGL2014-53532-C (MINECO/FEDER). The authors thank Juan Gémez for helping in lab work. P.M. was supported by a Fellowship of the Ministerio de Educación, Spanish Government, and a contract of the project AGL2017-84644-R (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE). R.L.-R. was supported by the project P12-RNM-2261 (Junta de Andalucia)S

Lights and shadows of reconciliation in families with children with specific needs of learning support: study in Galicia

[ES] La diversidad de factores e implicaciones inherentes a la conciliación de los tiempos laborales, familiares y personales conlleva tanto la percepción de limitaciones o dificultades en la ardua tarea de conciliar, como el reconocimiento de posibilidades y apoyos pedagógico-sociales que faciliten dicha tarea. El objetivo del trabajo que se presenta es conocer los obstáculos y las alternativas que perciben las familias gallegas con hijos e hijas con Necesidades Específicas de Apoyo Educativo (NEAE) escolarizados/as en centros de Educación Primaria en torno a la armonización de sus tiempos cotidianos. Este estudio de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo forma parte de una investigación más amplia –denominada Concilia_d@s–, basada en la aplicación de un cuestionario, creado y validado ad hoc, a las familias del alumnado de Educación Primaria (n=2037; e=2,2%; confianza= 95,5%) de la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia. Los resultados muestran las dificultades de organización temporal a las que las familias con hijos/as con NEAE (n=127) deben hacer frente respecto a su cuidado, así como los recursos y alternativas pedagógico-sociales que garantizarían una mejor conciliación de sus tiempos, favoreciendo la atención educativa de la infancia y la construcción de una sociedad más inclusiva. En base a la reflexión teórica realizada y al análisis de los datos obtenidos se han conocido algunas de las “luces” y “sombras” que influyen en las familias gallegas –particularmente en aquellas con hijos/as con NEAE– a la hora de conciliar sus tiempos y apoyar el proceso de inclusión social y educativa de la infancia. [EN] The diversity of factors and implications that are inherent to reconciliation of working, family and personal times involves the perception of limitations or difficulties in the arduous task of reconciling on the one hand and the identification of possible ways and social-pedagogical supports to facilitate it on the other. The goal of the present article is to identify the obstacles and alternatives for families with children with specific needs of learning support (SNLS) attending primary school in Galicia regarding the issue of harmonizing daily times. This exploratory and descriptive study belongs to a wider investigation -entitled Concilia_d@s- based on the implementation of an ad hoc questionnaire, in a target group consisting of families of the student body of Primary Education (n=2037; e=2,2%; confidence= 95,5%) in the Autonomous Community of Galicia. The outcome showed the difficulties for the organization of times encountered by families with children with SNLS (n=127) due to their need of special attention, as well as the resources and social-pedagogical alternatives that could guarantee a better distribution of times, promoting childhood education and the construction of a more inclusive society. Analyzing the data obtained, we noted “lights” and “shadows” affecting families in Galicia –specifically those families with children with SNLS– for managing their times and supporting the process of social and educational inclusion of childhood

European sea bass brain DLB-1 cell line is susceptible to nodavirus: A transcriptomic study

Viral diseases are responsible for high rates of mortality and subsequent economic losses in modern aquaculture. The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) produces viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), which affects the fish central nervous system. It is considered one of the most serious viral diseases in marine aquaculture, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) being amongst the most susceptible. We have evaluated the European sea bass brain derived cell line (DLB-1) susceptibility to NNV genotypes and evaluated its transcriptomic profile. DLB-1 cells supported NNV gene transcription and replication since strains belonging to the four NNV genotypes produce cytopathic effects. Afterwards, DLB-1 cells were infected with an RGNNV strain, the one which showed the highest replication, for 12 and 72 h and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify potential genes involved in the host-NNV interactions. Differential expression analysis showed the up-regulation of many genes related to immunity, heat-shock proteins or apoptosis but not to proteasome or autophagy processes. These data suggest that the immune response, mainly the interferon (IFN) pathway, is not powerful enough to abrogate the infection, and cells finally suffer stress and die by apoptosis liberating infective particles. GO enrichment also revealed, for the first time, the down-regulation of terms related to brain/neuron biology indicating molecular mechanisms causing the pathogenic effect of NNV. This study opens the way to understand key elements in sea bass brain and NNV interactions.Versión del edito

Transcriptomic Profiles of Senegalese Sole Infected With Nervous Necrosis Virus Reassortants Presenting Different Degree of Virulence

Betanodaviruses [nervous necrosis virus (NNV)] are the causative agent of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, a disease that affects cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). NNV reassortants, combining genomic segments from redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) genotypes, have been previously isolated from several fish species. The wild-type reassortant wSs160.03, isolated from Senegalese sole, has been proven to be more virulent to sole than the parental genotypes (RGNNV and SJNNV), causing 100% mortality. Mutations at amino acids 247 (serine to alanine) and 270 (serine to asparagine) in the wSs160.03 capsid protein have allowed us to obtain a mutant reassortant (rSs160.03247+270), which provokes a 40% mortality decrease. In this study, the RNA-Seq technology has been used to comparatively analyze Senegalese sole transcriptomes in two organs (head kidney and eye/brain) after infection with wild-type and mutant strains. A total of 633 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) in animals infected with the wild-type isolate (with higher virulence), whereas 393 genes were differentially expressed in animals infected with the mutant strain (37.9% decrease in the number of DEGs). To study the biological functions of detected DEGs involved in NNV infection, a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed. Different GO profiles were obtained in the following subclasses: (i) biological process; (ii) cellular component; and (iii) molecular function, for each viral strain tested. Immune response and proteolysis have been the predominant biological process after the infection with the wild-type isolate, whereas the infection with the mutant strain induces proteolysis in head kidney and inhibition of vasculogenesis in nervous tissue. Regarding the immune response, genes coding for proteins acting as mediators of type I IFN expression (DHX58, IRF3, IRF7) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG15, Mx, PKR, Gig1, ISG12, IFI44, IFIT-1, to name a few) were upregulated in animals infected with the wild-type isolate, whereas no-differential expression of these genes was observed in samples inoculated with the mutant strain. The different transcriptomic profiles obtained could help to better understand the NNV pathogenesis in Senegalese sole, setting up the importance as virulence determinants of amino acids at positions 247 and 270 within the RNA2 segment

The Treatment With the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modifies the Hepatic Metabolome of Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Towards a Protective Profile

[Abstract] The EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)) trial evidenced the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidences have shown the benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on improving liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM. Metabolomic studies have been shown to be very useful to improve the understanding of liver pathophysiology during the development and progression of metabolic hepatic diseases, and because the effects of empagliflozin and of other SGLT2 inhibitors on the complete metabolic profile of the liver has never been analysed before, we decided to study the impact on the liver of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats of a treatment for 6 weeks with empagliflozin using an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the purpose to help to clarify the benefits of the use of empagliflozin at hepatic level. We found that empagliflozin is able to change the hepatic lipidome towards a protective profile, through an increase of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated glycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also induces a decrease in the levels of the markers of inflammation IL-6, chemerin and chemerin receptor in the liver. Our results provide new evidences regarding the molecular pathways through which empagliflozin could exert hepatoprotector beneficial effects in T2DM.This work was supported by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co., by the National Institute of Health “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Instituto de Salud Carlos III” Madrid, Spain (PI15/00681, PI17/00409, PI18/00821, PI20/00902, RETICS Programme RD16/0012/0014 and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)); European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and European Union framework MSCA-RISE-H2020 Programme (Project number 734899). AH-A was funded by predoctoral research grants from Xunta de Galicia and FPU Program of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spain); MF-S was funded by the predoctoral research grants “Programa Científico do Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CiMUS) (Spain) and Xunta de Galicia; and AV-L was funded by the predoctoral research grant from the PFIS Program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain

Evaluación de la respuesta inmune en lenguado senegalés conferida por una vacuna inactivada frente a Betanodavirus

La necrosis nerviosa viral es una enfermedad que afecta a peces cultivados en todo el mundo. Su agente etiológico es el virus de la necrosis nerviosa, género Betanodavirus, familia Nodaviridae, que presenta un genoma compuesto por dos segmentos de RNA monocatenario. Los betanodavirus se clasifican en cuatro especies, Striped Jack-, Tiger puffer-, Redspotted grouper- y Barfin flonder nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV, TPNNV, RGNNV y BFNNV, respectivamente). En el sur de Europa se han descrito recombinantes de los segmentos genómicos de las especies SJNNV y RGNNV como agentes causantes de epizootías en lenguado senegalés y dorada. El control de esta enfermedad es de gran importancia para la acuicultura europea y la vacunación es una de las estrategias más prometedoras. Sin embargo, solo existen vacunas comercializadas contra la especie RGNNV las cuales no protegen frente a los aislados recombinantes, por lo que se ha desarrollado una vacuna inactivada utilizando el aislado recombinante SpSsIAusc160.03 que produce una moderada protección frente a la infección vírica en lenguado (Valero et al., 2021). El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la capacidad de dicha vacuna de inducir una respuesta inmune eficaz en lenguado (Solea senegalensis). Se tomaron muestras de cerebro y riñón cefálico de lenguados vacunados y sin vacunar a 2, 3 y 7 días post-vacunación (dpv), analizándose la expresión de 106 inmunogenes mediante la plataforma OpenArray® (Gémez et al., 2020). Se detectó una respuesta inmune temprana en muestras de riñón, expresándose diferencialmente 39 y 29 genes a 2 y 3 dpv, respectivamente. Esta modulación fue significativamente menor a 7 dpv, con solo 3 genes expresados diferencialmente (DEG). En muestras de cerebro, tejido diana de la infección, se observó una menor modulación génica, detectándose expresión diferencial exclusivamente a 2 y 3 dpv (5 y 12 DEG, respectivamente). Financiación: Proyecto RTI2018-094687-B-C21/C22 del MICIU cofinanciado por FEDER.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech