Avaliação morfofisiológica de Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) em substrato contaminado com óleo diesel

Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Cleusa BonaCo-orientadores : Profª. Drª. Bárbara Baêsso Moura, Prof. Dr. André Andrian PadialDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/04/2015Inclui referênciasResumo: A contaminação ambiental por óleo diesel gera grande impacto, pois o óleo é tóxico para animais e plantas, além de ser altamente persistente no ambiente e ter degradação lenta. Por conta disso, existem pesquisas para encontrar novas técnicas alternativas de descontaminação. Dentre essas técnicas, existe a fitorremediação, que utiliza plantas e microorganismos associados na descontaminação ambiental, já que algumas espécies vegetais não tem o desenvolvimento comprometido em ambientes poluídos e auxiliam na descontaminação. Antes de serem utilizadas no processo de fitorremediação, são necessários estudos prévios para analisar a tolerância e a sobrevivência das espécies em solo contaminado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a tolerância de Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. em substrato contaminado com óleo diesel de maneiras distintas. No primeiro experimento, foram analisadas mudas da espécie em substrato contaminado com 95 ml óleo diesel kg-1 por meio de análises de crescimento, teor de clorofila e carotenoides e estrutura anatômica de raízes e folhas. No segundo experimento, os mesmos parâmetros foram testados, além de análise de germinação, em substrato contaminado com diferentes concentrações de óleo diesel (11,8 ml diesel kg-1; 23,7 ml diesel kg-1 e 47,5 ml diesel kg-1). Os resultados encontrados no primeiro experimento mostraram que as plantas em substrato contaminado apresentaram sistema radicular afetado e baixos valores de crescimento e teores de clorofila e carotenoides. Porém, as plantas que sobreviveram neste substrato emitiram novas raízes modificadas anatomicamente, com formação de aerênquima e meristema apical com alta taxa de mitose, além de ausência de danos celulares nos órgãos (raiz e folha) formados após o plantio. Para o segundo experimento, as médias referentes ao número de sementes germinadas, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e valores de crescimento não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos em substrato contaminado com diferentes níveis de contaminação. Já o comprimento da raiz principal, área do metafilo e comprimento do caule aos 60 e 90 dias após a semeadura apresentaram menores médias quando comparados às plantas do tratamento em substrato não contaminado. Não houve alterações celulares nos órgãos e a planta respondeu ao estresse com o início de formação de aerênquima na raiz. Aos 210 dias após a semeadura, as plantas de todos os tratamentos apresentaram nódulos radiculares e completaram o ciclo com formação de flores e frutos e, até esses níveis, C. ensiformis apresentou potencial para ser utilizada como fitorremediadora. Palavras chave: Anatomia vegetal, Leguminosa, Feijão-de-Porco, Hidrocarboneto do petróleo.Abstract: Environmental contamination by diesel oil generates impact because it is toxic to animals and plants. The diesel oil is highly persistent in the environment and have slow degradation. Because of this, there is research to find new alternative techniques for decontamination. Phytoremediation is a technique that uses plants in environmental decontamination, because there are plant species able to reduce them the environment without having compromised development. Before the plants to be useful to this technique, it needs to be tested for tolerance and survival analysis in contaminated soil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the tolerance of Canavalia ensiformis in contaminated substrate with diesel oil in different ways. The first experimente analyzed seedlings in contaminated soil with 95 ml kg-1 of diesel oil through of growth parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoids levels and morphological structure of roots and leaves. The second section tested the same parameters, and germination analysis too, in contaminated substrate with different concentrations of diesel (11,8 ml diesel kg-1; 23,7 ml diesel kg-1 e 47,5 ml diesel kg-1). In the first section, in contaminated substrate,the roots of the plants were affected and the plants had low growth values and chlorophyll and carotenoids levels. Despite this, the plants were tolerant to contamination by diesel oil because of the growth of anatomically adapted new roots (aerenchyma and high mitotic rate) and no cellular damage in the root and leaf formed after planting. For the second section, the mean values of number of germinated seeds, IVG and growth values did not differ between treatments in contaminated substrate. The main root length, metaphyll área and stem length at 60 and 90 days after sowing had lower mean values. There were no cellular damage in the organ formed and the plants respond to stress through aerenchyma formation. At 210 days after sowing, the plants of all treatments showed root nodules and had flowers and fruits. Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. did not drastically affected in substrate contaminated with diesel oil in concentrations of up to 47.5 ml diesel kg-1. Up to this level of contamination, C. ensiformis has the potential to be used as phytoremediation. Key words: Plant anatomy, jack bean, petroleum hydrocarbon

A preliminary evaluation of chemical interaction between sanitizing products and silk

The ongoing Coronavirus crisis involved almost all sectors as well as museums, collections, and historical sites all over the world. Even though artworks do not have the ability to spread the virus, the pandemic officially introduced in cultural sites alcohol-based products (even by visitors for personal use) as these products were indicated to be able to inactivate the virus and were imposed by many local authorities. In this context, the need to conciliate the safety of the visitors and the protection of artworks represents a challenging task. The possibility that accumulation of vapour coming from the sanitizing solutions or from accidental spills, potentially caused also by visitors, should be considered. The study focuses specifically on the possible interactions between sanitizing alcohol-based products and silk, since this material is present in many cultural sites all over the world on upholsteries and tapestries. The recommended sanitising solution (75% ethanol, 20% water, 5% benzalkonium chloride) selected by the Italian Ministry for Cultural Heritage (MIBACT) was considered. Pure distilled water, absolute ethanol and water/ethanol blends in different concentrations were also tested. Chemical and morphological variations on the silk have been evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM, Atomic Force Microscopy - AFM and portable instruments (contact microscope, colorimeter, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy). IR and Raman analyses did not detect significant chemical changes in silk. However, Raman spectra showed, after immersion treatments, minor variations in the intensity of peaks attributed to dyes. Residues of benzalkonium chloride after immersion tests in sanitising solution are present, confirmed also by SEM and AFM analyses. Even if chemical spectroscopic changes were not relevant, the colour of few samples seemed to consistently fade after immersion treatments, thus affecting the visual appearance of textiles.The ongoing Coronavirus crisis involved almost all sectors as well as museums, collections, and historical sites all over the world. Even though artworks do not have the ability to spread the virus, the pandemic officially introduced in cultural sites alcohol-based products (even by visitors for personal use) as these products were indicated to be able to inactivate the virus and were imposed by many local authorities. In this context, the need to conciliate the safety of the visitors and the protection of artworks represents a challenging task. The possibility that accumulation of vapour coming from the sanitizing solutions or from accidental spills, potentially caused also by visitors, should be considered. The study focuses specifically on the possible interactions between sanitizing alcohol-based products and silk, since this material is present in many cultural sites all over the world on upholsteries and tapestries. The recommended sanitising solution (75% ethanol, 20% water, 5% benzalkonium chloride) selected by the Italian Ministry for Cultural Heritage (MIBACT) was considered. Pure distilled water, absolute ethanol and water/ethanol blends in different concentrations were also tested. Chemical and morphological variations on the silk have been evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM, Atomic Force Microscopy - AFM and portable instruments (contact microscope, colorimeter, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy). IR and Raman analyses did not detect significant chemical changes in silk. However, Raman spectra showed, after immersion treatments, minor variations in the intensity of peaks attributed to dyes. Residues of benzalkonium chloride after immersion tests in sanitising solution are present, confirmed also by SEM and AFM analyses. Even if chemical spectroscopic changes were not relevant, the colour of few samples seemed to consistently fade after immersion treatments, thus affecting the visual appearance of textiles

Urban Scale Monitoring Approach for the Assessment of Rising Damp Effects in Venice

In coastal areas, the rising damp of salty water is a well-known degradation factor of historical masonries, leading to visible features such as crusts, masonry erosion, and plaster loss. Venetian masonries are strongly affected by decay caused by rising damp exacerbated by direct contact with salty water. Recurrent flooding due to high tides and an increase in the frequency of flooding events, also related to climate change, raises concern about the impacts. Although several studies have been carried out on probable future scenarios, a valuation of the decay risk due to rising damp at the urban level still needs to be implemented. This paper proposes a non-invasive and economically sustainable approach for evaluating rising damp effects at an urban scale. The approach includes a collection of archive images of masonries affected by rising damp dating back to the 1990s; a visual survey of the actual conservation state of masonries; a classification based on significant descriptors; and a discussion on exposure conditions and conservation states. The descriptors chosen are rising damp levels, biological growth, plaster loss, efflorescence, and brick erosion. The evaluation was implemented in a georeferenced system suitable for future comparisons, thus providing a management tool for the city's preservation

Tiles from Aosta: A Peculiar Glaze Roof Covering

The 18th century roof tiles from the “Casa delle vigne”, located in the Aosta region (north-east Italy), were investigated as an example of a peculiar historical roof covering: ceramic tiles with a lead-based glaze finishing to waterproof them are used to create colourful patterns. A conservation project proposed the integration of the original tiles with new ones, produced according to traditional methods. Ancient and new tiles were analysed with Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy, micro-Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry for understanding the composition and the production technology of this manufacture. Their resistance to freezing and thawing cycles was then tested, considering their exposure in the severe alpine climate of Aosta. The use of pure clays with low calcium contents, high firing temperature and lead-rich glazes was found in ancient tiles, able to outstand several freezing-thawing cycles without damages. Iron and copper pigments were used in old yellow and green glazes. Zinc-based pigment, low lead and calcium-rich glazes are used in the new ones, which remained mainly coherent to the ceramic body during the freeze-thaw test

Accelerated Ageing Procedures to Assess the Stability of an Unconventional Acrylic-Wax Polymeric Emulsion for Contemporary Art

This research evaluates the stability of an aqueous emulsion of acrylic copolymers and waxes. Edelwachs, generally applied on wood, has been recently used as an unconventional medium in contemporary painting. Through Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-IR-ATR) analyses, the composition of Edelwachs was defined as a mixture of acrylic polymers (MA, MMA, nBA, nBMA), Carnauba and microcrystalline waxes and additives. Mock-ups-obtained mixing Edelwachs with titanium white, zinc white and ultramarine blue were subjected to UV, high temperatures, and high relative humidity accelerated ageing. The effect of the ageing procedures was evaluated through optical microscopy, colourimetric measurements, FT-IR-ATR, Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) and wettability measures. FT-IR-ATR spectra do not show significant variations in terms of chemical stability, indicating a fair stability of Edelwachs as a painting binder. UV and high temperature treatments show the most relevant effects in terms of colorimetric changes (increasing of b*) and thermal stability. The TG-DSC highlights the influence of the pigments (specifically zinc white) mainly on the thermal behaviour of the acrylates. The unexpected decrease of wettability of the paint films, registered after ageing, may indicate a possible phase separation among acrylates and waxes.This research evaluates the stability of an aqueous emulsion of acrylic copolymers and waxes. Edelwachs, generally applied on wood, has been recently used as an unconventional medium in contemporary painting. Through Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-IR-ATR) analyses, the composition of Edelwachs was defined as a mixture of acrylic polymers (MA, MMA, nBA, nBMA), Carnauba and microcrystalline waxes and additives. Mock-ups-obtained mixing Edelwachs with titanium white, zinc white and ultramarine blue were subjected to UV, high temperatures, and high relative humidity accelerated ageing. The effect of the ageing procedures was evaluated through optical microscopy, colourimetric measurements, FT-IR-ATR, Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) and wettability measures. FT-IR-ATR spectra do not show significant variations in terms of chemical stability, indicating a fair stability of Edelwachs as a painting binder. UV and high temperature treatments show the most relevant effects in terms of colorimetric changes (increasing of b*) and thermal stability. The TG-DSC highlights the influence of the pigments (specifically zinc white) mainly on the thermal behaviour of the acrylates. The unexpected decrease of wettability of the paint films, registered after ageing, may indicate a possible phase separation among acrylates and waxes

Avaliação psicométrica de um instrumento para mensuração de autoeficácia

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Estatística, 2016.A Psicometria é uma área da Psicologia que se caracteriza por expor fenômenos psicológicos ou construtos através de números, que são mensurados por meio da aplicação de conhecimentos estatísticos e matemáticos a esse âmbito. Um construto relevante dentro da Psicometria, a autoeficácia se caracteriza como a crença do ser humano quanto á sua capacidade de realizar com sucesso determinada tarefa. Esse conceito possui aplicações em vários campos do conhecimento, entre eles, a Educação. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a qualidade do instrumento para a mensuração da autoeficácia, dentro da avaliação do Programa Famílias Fortes. Para tanto, métodos de avaliação de fidedignidade e validade desse instrumento foram empregados. Através da técnica da Análise Fatorial Exploratória foram obtidos fatores referentes à três dimensões da autoeficácia (aprendizagem autorregulatória, eficácia autoassertiva e eficácia suporte social). Houve evidências de validade de construto satisfatórias quanto à qualidade do instrumento em estudo, porém, quanto à fidedignidade, uma subescala apresentou fidedignidade adequada, enquanto que as outras duas não foram tão boas. Por fim, ressalta-se que para um estudo inicial, os resultados obtidos foram coerentes com outros estudos e que para um estudo mais abrangente talvez seja necessária uma maior exploração dos tópicos, aqui, abordados

Evaluating the Impacts of Alcohol-Based Solutions on Silk: Chemical, Mechanical and Wettability Changes before and after Artificial Ageing

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, since 2020, alcohol-based sanitisers have been frequently used in museums and historic sites. Although they provide a safer environment for visitors, the impact of the (components in) sanitisers on the cultural heritage on open display is still uncertain. The current study investigated the effects of ethanol and isopropanol solutions on silk artefacts specifically in relation to possible mechanical changes and to their long-term impact based on artificial ageing. Thus, samples from three modern silk fabrics were treated through spraying and immersion with six solutions, two of which contained benzalkonium chloride (BZK), a surfactant suggested by Italian national guidelines in the formulation of sanitisers for museums. The impact of the treatment was studied from a chemical perspective, i.e., through spectroscopic techniques, and considering changes in the mechanical strength through uniaxial tensile testing. In addition, water wettability was measured. To study whether the contact with the solutions can affect the degradation path of silk, after the treatment, samples were exposed to light ageing and were stored at medium and high RH, i.e., 55% and 80%. Furthermore, treated and untreated silk textiles were placed in the Museum of Palazzo Mocenigo (Venice) to define the behaviour in an actual museum environment. The results show that, even when silk is immersed in the solutions for 180 min, no relevant chemical and physical changes can be observed on silk fibres. Variations noted at the end of the light ageing occurred regardless of the treatments with the solutions, so they are not affected by the contact with sanitisers. Nevertheless, when treating the samples (also through spraying) with solutions containing BZK, the surfactant is adsorbed by the textile. Once adsorbed, BZK significantly increases the water wettability of silk, causing a persistent modification of the property as also observed at the end of the ageing and in situ tests

O Constitucionalismo Popular e a Legitimação Ativa no Controle Concentrado de Constitucionalidade

O CONSTITUCIONALISMO POPULAR E A LEGITIMAÇÃO ATIVA NO CONTROLE CONCENTRADO DE CONSTITUCIONALIDADE  POPULAR CONSTITUTIONALISM AND ACTIVE LEGITIMACY IN THE CONCENTRATED CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIONALITY  Angela Baptista Balliana Kock*Alexandre de Castro Coura**  RESUMO: O presente trabalho descreve a teoria do Constitucionalismo Popular para apontar sua compatibilidade com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial, através da ampliação do rol dos legitimados para propositura das ações de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Constitucionalismo Popular, democracia, legitimidade ativa, controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. ABSTRACT: This paper describes the theory of Popular Constitutionalism to point out its compatibility with the Brazilian legal system, in particular, through the extension of the role of those legitimized to bring about the actions of concentrated control of constitutionality. KEYWORDS: Popular Constitutionalism. Democracy. Active legitimacy. Concentrated control of constitutionality.  SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 O Constitucionalismo Popular. 2 Constituição e Democracia No Brasil. 3 Controle Concentrado de Constitucionalidade. 3.1 Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade. 3.2 Ação Declaratória de Constitucionalidade. 3.3 Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade por Omissão. 3.4 Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental. Considerações Finais. Referências.* Doutoranda em Direitos e Garantias Fundamentais pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Faculdade de Direito de Vitória (FDV), Espírito Santo. Mestre em Direito Processual pela Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Juíza do Trabalho vinculada ao Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 17. Região.  ** Pós-Doutor pela American University, Estados Unidos. Doutor em Direito Material e Processual Penal pela Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Professor de Teoria e Direitos Fundamentais no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade de Vitória (FDV), Espírito Santo. Ex-professor Adjunto da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Promotor de Justiça do Estado do Espírito Santo.