240 research outputs found
Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial
Objectives To compare standard high flow oxygen treatment with titrated oxygen treatment for patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the prehospital setting
Chromatin and transcriptional signatures for Nodal signaling during endoderm formation in hESCs
AbstractThe first stages of embryonic differentiation are driven by signaling pathways hardwired to induce particular fates. Endoderm commitment is controlled by the TGF-β superfamily member, Nodal, which utilizes the transcription factors, SMAD2/3, SMAD4 and FOXH1, to drive target gene expression. While the role of Nodal is well defined within the context of endoderm commitment, mechanistically it is unknown how this signal interacts with chromatin on a genome wide scale to trigger downstream responses. To elucidate the Nodal transcriptional network that governs endoderm formation, we used ChIP-seq to identify genomic targets for SMAD2/3, SMAD3, SMAD4, FOXH1 and the active and repressive chromatin marks, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived endoderm. We demonstrate that while SMAD2/3, SMAD4 and FOXH1 associate with DNA in a highly dynamic fashion, there is an optimal bivalent signature at 32 gene loci for driving endoderm commitment. Initially, this signature is marked by both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 as a very broad bivalent domain in hESCs. Within the first 24h, SMAD2/3 accumulation coincides with H3K27me3 reduction so that these loci become monovalent marked by H3K4me3. JMJD3, a histone demethylase, is simultaneously recruited to these promoters, suggesting a conservation of mechanism at multiple promoters genome-wide. The correlation between SMAD2/3 binding, monovalent formation and transcriptional activation suggests a mechanism by which SMAD proteins coordinate with chromatin at critical promoters to drive endoderm specification
Modelling the orientation of accretion disks in quasars using H-alpha emission
Infrared spectroscopy of the H-alpha emission lines of a sub-sample of 19
high-redshift (0.8 < z < 2.3) Molonglo quasars, selected at 408 MHz, is
presented. These emission lines are fitted with composite models of broad and
narrow emission, which include combinations of classical broad-line regions of
fast-moving gas clouds lying outside the quasar nucleus, and/or a theoretical
model of emission from an optically-thick, flattened, rotating accretion disk.
All bar one of the nineteen sources are found to have emission consistent with
the presence of an optically-emitting accretion disk, with the exception
appearing to display complex emission including at least three broad
components. Ten of the quasars have strong Bayesian evidence for broad-line
emission arising from an accretion disk together with a standard broad-line
region, selected in preference to a model with two simple broad lines. Thus the
best explanation for the complexity required to fit the broad H-alpha lines in
this sample is optical emission from an accretion disk in addition to a region
of fast-moving clouds. We derive estimates of the angle between the rotation
axis of the accretion disk and the line of sight. A weak correlation is found
between the accretion disk angle and the logarithm of the low-frequency radio
luminosity. This is direct, albeit tenuous, evidence for the receding torus
model. Velocity shifts of the broad H-alpha components are analysed and the
results found to be consistent with a two-component model comprising one
single-peaked broad line emitted at the same redshift as the narrow lines, and
emission from an accretion disk which appears to be preferentially redshifted
with respect to the narrow lines for high-redshift sources and blueshifted
relative to the narrow lines for low-redshift sources.Comment: The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com. 36
pages, 21 figures, 13 tables. Replaced to fix A4/US letter paper size
confusio
Jets and QSO Spectra
QSOs' emission lines arise from highest velocity (approximately 10000 km/s),
dense gas within approximately 0.1 parsec of the central engine, out to
low-velocity, low-density gas at great distances from the host galaxy. In
radio-loud QSOs there are clear indications that the distribution and
kinematics of emission-line gas are related to the symmetry axis of the central
engine, as defined by the radio jet. These jets originate at nuclear distances
< 0.1 pc --- similar to the highest-velocity emission line gas. There are two
ways we can investigate the different environments of radio-loud and
radio-quiet QSOs, i.e., those with and without powerful radio jets. One is to
look for optical-UV spectroscopic differences between radio-loud and
radio-quiet QSOs. The other is to investigate dependences of spectroscopic
properties on properties of the powerful jets in radio-loud QSOs. Here we
summarize the spectroscopic differences between the two classes, and present
known dependences of spectra on radio core-dominance, which we interpret as
dependences on the angle of the central engine to the line-of-sight. We
speculate on what some of the differences may mean.Comment: 10 pages, plus 2 postscript figure files not included in tex file. In
addition there is a Springer style file, lamuphys.sty. Paper to appear with
the two related papers submitted here by the same author(s), in Springer
Lecture Notes series: Jets from Stars and Galactic Nuclei, ed. W. Kund
The availability of water associated with glycogen during dehydration; a reservoir or raindrop?
The United States Congress and nuclear war powers: explaining legislative nonfeasance
Scholarly debate over the role of the United States Congress in approving military action has focused on the respective war powers granted the executive and legislature by the United States Constitution. Although a voluminous literature has examined the institutional and partisan politics shaping their exercise, a conspicuous lacuna concerns nuclear war powers. Despite periodic but mostly ineffective reassertions of congressional prerogatives over war, the decision to employ nuclear weapons has been left entirely to presidential discretion since 1945. Explaining this consistent refusal by Congress to rein in the ultimate presidential power and exercise co-responsibility for the most devastating form of war relies less on disputatious constitutional grounds than on three arguments about congressional dysfunctionality, legislative irresponsibility, and the relative costs of collective action by federal lawmakers on perilous national security questions
Belief in a zero-sum game and subjective well-being across 35 countries
This article presents a short research report on the relationship between perceived antagonism in social relations measured using the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect. Given that individuals who believe that life is like a zero-sum game are likely to perceive their daily interactions with others as unfair, we expected that individuals with high BZSG experience more negative affect and fewer positive one, resulting in a lower satisfaction with life. In addition, we examined whether country-level BZSG may play a moderating role in these associations. Data were collected from student samples (N=7146) in 35 countries. Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived social antagonism in social relations is negatively associated with satisfaction with life and that this relationship is mediated by both positive and negative affect at the individual level. The relation of individual BZSG and negative affect on satisfaction with life were weaker in societies with higher country-level BZSG, suggesting that the effects of BZSG may be less detrimental in these countries. These findings extend previous knowledge about predictors of life satisfaction and suggest that social beliefs might also be an important factor that influences subjective well-being. The contribution of the study is that the separate treatment of life satisfaction and positive and negative affect may be helpful in many research situations, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective
A Clinical and Epidemiological Investigation of the First Reported Human Infection With the Zoonotic Parasite Trypanosoma evansi in Southeast Asia.
BACKGROUND: Trypanosomais a genus of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa.Trypanosoma bruceispecies and Trypanosoma cruziare the major agents of human trypanosomiasis; other Trypanosomaspecies can cause human disease, but are rare. In March 2015, a 38-year-old woman presented to a healthcare facility in southern Vietnam with fever, headache, and arthralgia. Microscopic examination of blood revealed infection with Trypanosoma METHODS: Microscopic observation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of blood samples, and serological testing were performed to identify the infecting species. The patient's blood was screened for the trypanocidal protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), and a field investigation was performed to identify the zoonotic source. RESULTS: PCR amplification and serological testing identified the infecting species as Trypanosoma evansi.Despite relapsing 6 weeks after completing amphotericin B therapy, the patient made a complete recovery after 5 weeks of suramin. The patient was found to have 2 wild-type APOL1 alleles and a normal serum APOL1 concentration. After responsive animal sampling in the presumed location of exposure, cattle and/or buffalo were determined to be the most likely source of the infection, with 14 of 30 (47%) animal blood samples testing PCR positive forT. evansi. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first laboratory-confirmed case ofT. evansiin a previously healthy individual without APOL1 deficiency, potentially contracted via a wound while butchering raw beef, and successfully treated with suramin. A linked epidemiological investigation revealed widespread and previously unidentified burden ofT. evansiin local cattle, highlighting the need for surveillance of this infection in animals and the possibility of further human cases
Belief in a zero-sum game and subjective well-being across 35 countries
This article presents a short research report on the relationship between perceived antagonism in social relations measured using the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect. Given that individuals who believe that life is like a zero-sum game are likely to perceive their daily interactions with others as unfair, we expected that individuals with high BZSG experience more negative affect and fewer positive one, resulting in a lower satisfaction with life. In addition, we examined whether country-level BZSG may play a moderating role in these associations. Data were collected from student samples (N = 7146) in 35 countries. Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived social antagonism in social relations is negatively associated with satisfaction with life and that this relationship is mediated by both positive and negative affect at the individual level. The relation of individual BZSG and negative affect on satisfaction with life were weaker in societies with higher country-level BZSG, suggesting that the effects of BZSG may be less detrimental in these countries. These findings extend previous knowledge about predictors of life satisfaction and suggest that social beliefs might also be an important factor that influences subjective well-being. The contribution of the study is that the separate treatment of life satisfaction and positive and negative affect may be helpful in many research situations, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Understanding emotionally relevant situations in primary dental practice. 3. Emerging narratives
Background and aims. Dentists experience considerable occupational stress. Stressful clinical situations can provoke high levels of negative emotions, and situations which are associated with positive emotions tend to be overlooked by practitioners. Reflection regarding difficult situations is encouraged to facilitate learning. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) formulations may be applied to situations appraised both positively and negatively. Analysis and interpretation of the dentist's coping behaviour and the consequent outcomes facilitate learning and reflection upon individual interactions with patients.
Method. Twenty primary care dental practitioners in the greater Lincoln area participated in a semi-structured interview which explored their stressful and positive clinical experiences. Some of the episodes were analysed to create CBT formulations.
Results and discussion. CBT formulations are presented and the learning points highlighted by this structured presentation are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that this structured reconstruction of events, which highlights dentists' emotions, responses and the transactional effects of coping responses, might well facilitate objective reflective learning either individually or as part of peer to peer support. It should facilitate dentists' emotional processing of events and may thus contribute to stress reduction.
Conclusion. CBT formulations of positive and negative dental scenarios may be constructed. It is proposed that this is a useful technique to foster reflection and learning in clinical situations and should lead to improved communication skills and shared decision-making, resulting in fewer complaints and thereby reduced stress. It should also improve dentists' emotional processing
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