6 research outputs found
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Abate K.H.
- Abate Y.H.
- Abbafati C.
- Abbasgholizadeh R.
- Abbasi M.A.
- Abbasi-Kangevari M.
- Abbasian M.
- Abbasifard M.
- Abd ElHafeez S.
- Abd-Elsalam S.
- Abdi P.
- Abdollahi M.
- Abdoun M.
- Abdulah D.M.
- Abdullahi A.
- Abebe M.
- Abedi A.
- Abedi A.
- Abegaz T.M.
- Abeldaño Zuñiga R.A.
- Abiodun O.
- Abiso T.L.
- Aboagye R.G.
- Abolhassani H.
- Abouzid M.
- Aboye G.B.
- Abreu L.G.
- Abu-Gharbieh E.
- Abu-Zaid A.
- Abualruz H.
- Abubakar B.
- Abukhadijah H.J.J.
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- Zyoud S.H.
- Ärnlöv J.
- Publication venue
- Elsevier BV
- Publication date
- 16/05/2024
- Field of study
Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
The Project Manager in the 1990s
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- Baker B.N.
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Self‐development: the nine basic skills for business success
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Common variants of the <i>BRCA1</i> wild-type allele modify the risk of breast cancer in <i>BRCA1</i> mutation carriers
- Author
- A. Jager
- A.H. van der Hout
- A.M.W. van den Ouweland
- Agnès Hardouin
- Agnès Hardouin
- Alan Donaldson
- Alex Miron
- Alexandra Murray
- Alexis Duncan
- Alfons Meindl
- Alison Male
- Amanda B. Spurdle
- Amanda E. Toland
- Amy Taylor
- Anczukow
- Andrew K. Godwin
- Anita Mitra
- Anna von Wachenfeldt
- Anna Whaite
- Anne Searle
- Anne-Catharina Dressler
- Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Anneke Lucassen
- Annelie Liljegren
- Annika Bergman
- Annika Lindblom
- Ans M.W. van den Ouweland
- Antje Seidel-Renkert
- Antoine de Pauw
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antoniou
- Antonis C. Antoniou
- Audrey Ardern-Jones
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- Baeyens
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- Barbara Stayner
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- Baynes
- Beatrice Melin
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- Brigitte Bressac de Paillerets
- Brigitte Bressac-de-Paillerets
- Brita Arver
- Britta Fiebig
- Bruno Buecher
- Buisson
- C. Seynaeve
- C.E. van Roozendaal
- C.J. van Asperen
- C.M. Aalfs
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- Catherine Nogues
- Catherine Watt
- Cathryn Bardsley
- Chan
- Charlotte Eddy
- Chen
- Chenevix-Trench
- Cheryl Berlin
- Chris Jacobs
- Christi J. van Asperen
- Christian F. Singer
- Christian Sutter
- Christine Lasset
- Christine Lasset
- Christine Rebischung
- Christine Toulas
- Christoph Engel
- Chrystelle Colas
- Claude Adenis
- Claude Houdayer
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- Cora M. Aalfs
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- Csilla Szabo
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- D. Gareth Evans
- D. Gareth Evans
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- Dominique Leroux
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- Elena Castro
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- Sheila Goff
- Shen
- Shirley Hodgson
- Sigrun Liedgren
- Simchoni
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- Sinnett
- Siranoush Manoukian
- Sophie Giraud
- Sophie Giraud
- Speit
- Stephanie Blank
- Sue Healey
- Susan L. Neuhausen
- Susan M. Domchek
- Susan Peock
- Susan Peock
- Susan Ramus
- Susan Shanley
- Susanne Kjaergaard
- Sylvie Mazoyer
- Sylvie Mazoyer
- T.A. van Os
- Tavtigian
- Teresa Selander
- Tetsuro Noguchi
- Thomas V.O. Hansen
- Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Trenz
- Trenz
- Trevor Cole
- Trinidad Caldes
- Tuomas Heikkinen
- Ulf Kristoffersson
- Ute Hamann
- Valérie Bonadona
- Victoria Murday
- Violaine Bourdon
- Virginia Attard
- Virginie Moncoutier
- Virginie Moncoutier
- Vishakha Tripathi
- Viviane Feillel
- Véronique Byrde
- Walker
- Wang
- Ware
- Wolfram Heinritz
- Xianshu Wang
- Xiaoqing Chen
- Yael Laitman
- Yosr Hamdi
- Yuan C. Ding
- Yves-Jean Bignon
- Zakaria Einbeigi
- Zosia Miedzybrodzka
- Åke Borg
- Åke Borg
- Publication venue
- 'Oxford University Press (OUP)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2011
- Field of study
Mutations in the <i>BRCA1</i> gene substantially increase a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. However, there is great variation in this increase in risk with several genetic and non-genetic modifiers identified. The <i>BRCA1</i> protein plays a central role in DNA repair, a mechanism that is particularly instrumental in safeguarding cells against tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that polymorphisms that alter the expression and/or function of <i>BRCA1</i> carried on the wild-type (non-mutated) copy of the <i>BRCA1</i> gene would modify the risk of breast cancer in carriers of <i>BRCA1</i> mutations. A total of 9874 <i>BRCA1</i> mutation carriers were available in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of <i>BRCA1/2</i> (CIMBA) for haplotype analyses of <i>BRCA1</i>. Women carrying the rare allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs16942 on the wild-type copy of <i>BRCA1</i> were at decreased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77–0.95, <i>P</i> = 0.003). Promoter <i>in vitro</i> assays of the major <i>BRCA1</i> haplotypes showed that common polymorphisms in the regulatory region alter its activity and that this effect may be attributed to the differential binding affinity of nuclear proteins. In conclusion, variants on the wild-type copy of <i>BRCA1</i> modify risk of breast cancer among carriers of <i>BRCA1</i> mutations, possibly by altering the efficiency of <i>BRCA1</i> transcription
Enzyme Handbook
- Author
- 339-349
- [10]Siffert O., Emöd, I.
- [11] Fricker L.D., Snyder, S.H.
- [11] Taylor A., Volz, K.W., Lipscomb, W.N., Takemoto, L. J.
- [3] Schmidt U., Weller, D., Holder, A.
- [9]Fujiwara K., Tsuru, D.
- [hie J.N., Dure, L.S.
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- Xin-Ii Lin Wong, R.N.S., Tang, J.
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- “ (Turk V., Neville, M.
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/1991
- Field of study