criminal crowds responsibility attribution and social control in sighele and le bon

Social control and responsibility attribution as fundamental concepts for a comparative analysis between the "Psychology of Crowds" (1895) by Gustave Le Bon and "The Criminal Crowd" (1891) by Scipio Sighele. The present study attempts to demonstrate the limitation of the distancing of the French thinker from the work of the Italian criminologist. Pioneering examples of psychology of crowds in a sociological/philosophical (for Le Bon) and criminological/forensic (for Sighele) interpretation, the texts follow some common reflections, overshadowed by the different background of the two authors and a different authorial purpose. In fact, for the eminent theoretician of positive law of Lombrosian inspiration the objective is to establish a criminal responsibility commensurate with the crimes of the members of the crowd, through the criterion of the temibility of the offender, for Le Bon instead (at least according to certain points of view) it is about providing the tools of control to the individual who does not want to be overwhelmed by the power of the crowd, while not neglecting even the latter some interesting suggestions of criminal law. This different perspective makes it easier for the reader to see the differences in thought and less easy to glimpse moments of conceptual harmony. At the same time, it will be attempted to demonstrate how it is not possible, even in spite of the title attributed by Sighele to his own work, to limit the reflection of the criminologist to the crimes of the crowds and not even flatten it on the controversial theories of criminal anthropology

A comparison between the bond behavior of SRP and SRG strengthening systems applied to a masonry substrate

Strengthening and rehabilitation of existing masonry buildings is a topic that attracts the interest of the scientific community worldwide. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been largely employed for structural rehabilitation of masonry structures due to their ease of installation and their high strength-to-weight ratio, since the end of the previous century. Recently, fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have become an appealing alternative to traditional FRPs, because they employ an inorganic matrix to embed the fibers, which provides a better vapor compatibility with masonry substrate and better resistance to high temperatures than FRPs. To reduce the cost of carbon and glass fibers, the use of new types of fibers, such as high strength steel cords, has been explored. Steel reinforced polymer (SRP) and steel reinforced grout (SRG) are still moving their first steps in the world of structural rehabilitation, but they have shown potentials to become a suitable alternative to other FRP and FRCM composites, respectively. In this work, SRP and SRG composites are bonded to masonry blocks and tested using a direct single-lap shear test set-up to investigate the debonding phenomenon. Two different types of mortar grout are employed for the SRG. A comparison between SRP and SRG composites is presented in terms of debonding capacity and failure modes

The Effects of 6 Weeks of Hip-Strengthening Exercises on Drop Jump Performance in Middle School Students

The anterior cruciate ligament is the most frequently injured ligament in youth ages 8-14 (years) in the United States. This injury is often observed with abnormal valgus knee posture during dynamic landing tasks. Improvement of hip muscle function has positive associations with increasing lower extremity dynamic task competency. Much remains unknown with respect to the merit of integrating hip muscle-specific exercise programs in the aged 8-14 population for improving knee posture during jump landing. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of 6-weeks of hip strengthening exercises on frontal plane knee position in the drop jump test with 7th-grade middle school students. The authors hypothesized that compared to the age-matched control group, the strength training group will show significant changes in frontal plane knee position, specifically a reduction in knee valgus, during drop landings. This intervention study included 57 youth (ages 12-13), who were randomly placed in an experimental or control group. First, to ascertain baseline knee position, all particpants were recorded performing the drop jump test facing a high speed camera. Then, the experimental group performed a series of dynamic warm-up and hip muscle-focused exercises for six weeks, while the control group completed a general warm-up. Post-intervention, pre-test procedures were replicated. A two-way mixed ANOVA was used to measure changes in frontal plane knee position from pre- to post-intervention. Results indicated that the exercise group achieved significantly greater post-intervention improvement in frontal plane knee position on the right knee (p = 0.006), with a mean difference of 7.52° change from valgus to varus posture during landing compared to the control. Further, the exercise group’s left knee significantly differed in post-intervention frontal plane knee position compared to that of the control (p = 0.011), by an average of 6.87°. Overall, with the intervention program the exercise group landed in a less valgus position from pre- to post-test. Six weeks of dynamic warm-up and hip muscle-focused exercises was effective in generating significant changes in frontal plane knee position during the landing phase of a drop jump in male and female 7th-grade middle school students

OTUB1 triggers lung cancer development by inhibiting RAS monoubiquitination

Activation of the RAS oncogenic pathway, frequently ensuing from mutations in RAS genes, is a common event in human cancer. Recent reports demonstrate that reversible ubiquitination of RAS GTPases dramatically affects their activity, suggesting that enzymes involved in regulating RAS ubiquitination may contribute to malignant transformation. Here, we identified the de-ubiquitinase OTUB1 as a negative regulator of RAS mono- and di-ubiquitination. OTUB1 inhibits RAS ubiquitination independently of its catalytic activity resulting in sequestration of RAS on the plasma membrane. OTUB1 promotes RAS activation and tumorigenesis in wild-type RAS cells. An increase of OTUB1 expression is commonly observed in non-small-cell lung carcinomas harboring wild-type KRAS and is associated with increased levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, high Ki67 score, and poorer patient survival. Our results strongly indicate that dysregulation of RAS ubiquitination represents an alternative mechanism of RAS activation during lung cancer development

Exploratory analysis of citizen observations of hourly precipitation over Scandinavia

We present a comparison between Netatmo hourly precipitation amounts and observations of the same quantity from weather stations managed by national meteorological services, the latter used as reference values. The empirical distributions of the crowdsourced observations in the surroundings of reference stations are used to assess accuracy and precision of crowdsourced data. We found that reference values are typically within the distribution of the crowdsourced data. However, as the amount of precipitation increases, the spread of the crowdsourced distribution increases and the reference values are more and more frequently found towards the right tail of the distribution. These results indicate that accuracy and precision of crowdsourced data change as precipitation increases. We have studied the sensitivity of our results to the size of the neighbourhood chosen around the reference stations and we show that by aggregating the values over those neighbourhoods, crowdsourced data can be trusted in determining precipitation occurrence. We have assessed the variability of precipitation within small neighbourhoods (of radius 1, 3 and 5 km) and we provide estimates on the basis of the precipitation amounts. Our study quantifies the variability of hourly precipitation over small regions, of the size of the so-called “unresolved spatial scales” in limited area models, based on three years of data collected at several places in Scandinavia.</p

KRS:A cut away from release in exosomes

Cancer cells often trigger an inflammatory process, which in some cases may be driven by the presence of lysyltRNA synthetase (KRS) in the medium. Kim et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201605118) now demonstrate that cleavage of the KRS by caspase-8 inside cells triggers its interaction with syntenin and its release in inflammatory exosomes

The mitotic checkpoint is a targetable vulnerability of carboplatin-resistant triple negative breast cancers

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, lacking effective therapy. Many TNBCs show remarkable response to carboplatin-based chemotherapy, but often develop resistance over time. With increasing use of carboplatin in the clinic, there is a pressing need to identify vulnerabilities of carboplatin-resistant tumors. In this study, we generated carboplatin-resistant TNBC MDA-MB-468 cell line and patient derived TNBC xenograft models. Mass spectrometry-based proteome profiling demonstrated that carboplatin resistance in TNBC is linked to drastic metabolism rewiring and upregulation of anti-oxidative response that supports cell replication by maintaining low levels of DNA damage in the presence of carboplatin. Carboplatin-resistant cells also exhibited dysregulation of the mitotic checkpoint. A kinome shRNA screen revealed that carboplatin-resistant cells are vulnerable to the depletion of the mitotic checkpoint regulators, whereas the checkpoint kinases CHEK1 and WEE1 are indispensable for the survival of carboplatin-resistant cells in the presence of carboplatin. We confirmed that pharmacological inhibition of CHEK1 by prexasertib in the presence of carboplatin is well tolerated by mice and suppresses the growth of carboplatin-resistant TNBC xenografts. Thus, abrogation of the mitotic checkpoint by CHEK1 inhibition re-sensitizes carboplatin-resistant TNBCs to carboplatin and represents a potential strategy for the treatment of carboplatin-resistant TNBCs

OTUB1 triggers lung cancer development by inhibiting RAS monoubiquitination

Activation of the RAS oncogenic pathway, frequently ensuing from mutations in RAS genes, is a common event in human cancer. Recent reports demonstrate that reversible ubiquitination of RAS GTPases dramatically affects their activity, suggesting that enzymes involved in regulating RAS ubiquitination may contribute to malignant transformation. Here, we identified the de-ubiquitinase OTUB1 as a negative regulator of RAS mono- and di-ubiquitination. OTUB1 inhibits RAS ubiquitination independently of its catalytic activity resulting in sequestration of RAS on the plasma membrane. OTUB1 promotes RAS activation and tumorigenesis in wild-type RAS cells. An increase of OTUB1 expression is commonly observed in non-small-cell lung carcinomas harboring wild-type KRAS and is associated with increased levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, high Ki67 score, and poorer patient survival. Our results strongly indicate that dysregulation of RAS ubiquitination represents an alternative mechanism of RAS activation during lung cancer developmen