Comparing the intestinal transcriptome of Meishan and Large White piglets during late fetal development reveals genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and immunity as valuable clues of intestinal maturity

Background: Maturity of intestinal functions is critical for neonatal health and survival, but comprehensive description of mechanisms underlying intestinal maturation that occur during late gestation still remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate biological processes specifically involved in intestinal maturation by comparing fetal jejunal transcriptomes of two representative porcine breeds (Large White, LW; Meishan, MS) with contrasting neonatal vitality and maturity, at two key time points during late gestation (gestational days 90 and 110). MS and LW sows inseminated with mixed semen (from breed LW and MS) gave birth to both purebred and crossbred fetuses. We hypothesized that part of the differences in neonatal maturity between the two breeds results from distinct developmental profiles of the fetal intestine during late gestation. Reciprocal crossed fetuses were used to analyze the effect of parental genome. Transcriptomic data and 23 phenotypic variables known to be associated with maturity trait were integrated using multivariate analysis with expectation of identifying relevant genes-phenotypic variable relationships involved in intestinal maturation. Results: A moderate maternal genotype effect, but no paternal genotype effect, was observed on offspring intestinal maturation. Four hundred and four differentially expressed probes, corresponding to 274 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), more specifically involved in the maturation process were further studied. In day 110-MS fetuses, Ingenuity® functional enrichment analysis revealed that 46% of DEGs were involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, vasculogenesis and hormone synthesis compared to day 90-MS fetuses. Expression of genes involved in immune pathways including phagocytosis, inflammation and defense processes was changed in day 110-LW compared to day 90-LW fetuses (corresponding to 13% of DEGs). The transcriptional regulator PPARGC1A was predicted to be an important regulator of differentially expressed genes in MS. Fetal blood fructose level, intestinal lactase activity and villous height were the best predicted phenotypic variables with probes mostly involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and cellular movement biological pathways. [b]Conclusions[/b]: Collectively, our findings indicate that the neonatal maturity of pig intestine may rely on functional development of glucose and lipid metabolisms, immune phagocyte differentiation and inflammatory pathways. This process may partially be governed by PPARGC1A

The Level of Protein in Milk Formula Modifies Ileal Sensitivity to LPS Later in Life in a Piglet Model

Background: Milk formulas have higher protein contents than human milk. This high protein level could modify the development of intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune functions and have long-term consequences. Methodology/Principal findings: We investigated the effect of a high protein formula on ileal microbiota and physiology during the neonatal period and later in life. Piglets were fed from 2 to 28 days of age either a normoprotein (NP, equivalent to sow milk) or a high protein formula (HP, +40% protein). Then, they received the same solid diet until 160 days. During the formula feeding period ileal microbiota implantation was accelerated in HP piglets with greater concentrations of ileal bacteria at d7 in HP than NP piglets. Epithelial barrier function was altered with a higher permeability to small and large probes in Ussing chambers in HP compared to NP piglets without difference in bacterial translocation. Infiltration of T cells was increased in HP piglets at d28. IL-1b and NF-kappa B sub-units mRNA levels were reduced in HP piglets at d7 and d28 respectively; plasma haptoglobin also tended to be reduced at d7. Later in life, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to high doses of LPS in explants culture was reduced in HP compared to NP piglets. Levels of mRNA coding the NF-kappa B pathway sub-units were increased by the challenge with LPS in NP piglets, but not HP ones. Conclusions/Significance: A high protein level in formula affects the postnatal development of ileal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune function in piglets and alters ileal response to inflammatory mediators later in life

La formation des doctorants à l'information scientifique et technique

La formation des doctorants aux problématiques de l'information scientifique et technique représente un enjeu particulièrement sensible pour l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche en France. Doublement affectée par de profondes transformations institutionnelles ainsi que par l'évolution accélérée des technologies numériques, la culture de l'information scientifique demeure l'un des piliers fondamentaux de la recherche et un élément incontournable dans la mise en œuvre d'une politique éclairée. La plupart des domaines d'activité du chercheur sont concernés : l'investigation, la propriété intellectuelle, la recherche documentaire, l'écriture scientifique, la publication, la communication scientifique, l'évaluation, les évolutions et les opportunités offertes par les outils numériques, la vulgarisation scientifique… Cet ouvrage se propose de poser quelques jalons afin d'alimenter la réflexion des divers protagonistes, universitaires, documentalistes, bibliothécaires, qui interviennent auprès du doctorant pour l'informer ou le guider tout au long de son parcours : quels seraient les attentes des doctorants et les besoins du monde académique ? Quelles connaissances et compétences les formateurs ont-ils à mobiliser ? Quels enseignements tirer des expériences et dispositifs mis en place ? Autant de questions pour approcher une thématique à la morphologie complexe. Le débat qu'elles suscitent met en lumière un bilan riche en interrogations et fécond pour l'avenir

Reuse of medical face masks in domestic and community settings without sacrificing safety: Ecological and economical lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic

The need for personal protective equipment increased exponentially in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. To cope with the mask shortage during springtime 2020, a French consortium was created to find ways to reuse medical and respiratory masks in healthcare departments. The consortium addressed the complex context of the balance between cleaning medical masks in a way that maintains their safety and functionality for reuse, with the environmental advantage to manage medical disposable waste despite the current mask designation as single-use by the regulatory frameworks. We report a Workflow that provides a quantitative basis to determine the safety and efficacy of a medical mask that is decontaminated for reuse. The type IIR polypropylene medical masks can be washed up to 10 times, washed 5 times and autoclaved 5 times, or washed then sterilized with radiations or ethylene oxide, without any degradation of their filtration or breathability properties. There is loss of the antiprojection properties. The Workflow rendered the medical masks to comply to the AFNOR S76-001 standard as “type 1 non-sanitory usage masks”. This qualification gives a legal status to the Workflow-treated masks and allows recommendation for the reuse of washed medical masks by the general population, with the significant public health advantage of providing better protection than cloth-tissue masks. Additionally, such a legal status provides a basis to perform a clinical trial to test the masks in real conditions, with full compliance with EN 14683 norm, for collective reuse. The rational reuse of medical mask and their end-of-life management is critical, particularly in pandemic periods when decisive turns can be taken. The reuse of masks in the general population, in industries, or in hospitals (but not for surgery) has significant advantages for the management of waste without degrading the safety of individuals wearing reused masks

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Absorption percutanée des composés organophosphorés (méthodes et modèles, application à des similis des agents neurotoxiques de guerre)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Approche ex vivo de l'absorption percutanée de neurotoxiques organophosphorés (implication dans le développement de nouveaux dispositifs protecteurs et décontaminants de la peau)

Extrêmement toxiques et relativement peu volatils dans des conditions atmosphériques normales, les neurotoxiques organophosphorés (NOPs) peuvent pénétrer la peau sous forme liquide et exercer leurs effets délétères. Ainsi, le développement de dispositifs protecteurs ou décontaminants cutanés vis-à-vis de ces agents est d un intérêt majeur pour les armées et la sécurité civile. La détermination de l efficacité de tels dispositifs passe par l étude de leur influence sur la pénétration percutanée des NOPs. La toxicité de ces composés excluant toute étude sur volontaires humains, notre premier objectif a consisté à choisir et mettre en œuvre, une approche expérimentale ex vivo permettant de modéliser l absorption percutanée des NOPs. Une revue bibliographique nous a permis de retenir quatre modèles : explants d oreille de porc et d abdomen humain, entiers et dermatomés. Par la suite, la validité des modèles a été évaluée par l étude de l absorption percutanée de simili potentiels des NOPs : diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), déméton-S-méthyle (DSM) et paraoxon (POX) et de NOPs : VX, soman (GD) et tabun (GA). La caractérisation de l absorption percutanée du VX ex vivo a confirmé la prédictibilité du DSM et de la peau d oreille de porc entière pour modéliser l absorption percutanée du VX. En revanche, l étude de l absorption percutanée du GD et du GA ne nous a pas permis de conclure sur la pertinence d un modèle ni sur la validité du DFP comme simili des agents G. Dans une ultime étape, des études préliminaires réalisées avec le parathion (PA) a démontré la prédictibilité de la peau humaine greffée sur souris athymique pour modéliser l absorption percutanée des NOPs in vivoOrganophosphorus nerve agents (NAs) still represent a potential hazard not only to militaries but also to civilian populations. Such compounds are highly toxic, able to penetrate the organism in liquid form via the percutaneous route. Therefore, preventing skin penetration is crucial to people potentially exposed to NAs. Efficiency of such protectant or decontaminant skin systems is assessed by their impact on percutaneous absorption kinetics. Due to their toxicity, experiments on human beings prove ethically untenable and so ex vivo skin absorption measurements offer good alternatives. Among the different experimental skin models used to study the percutaneous penetration of organophosphorus compounds (OPs), in a first step we retained the four followings: abdominal human and pig ear, full- or split- thickness skins. Secondly, the relevance of these skin models was evaluated by determining and comparing the percutaneous absorption of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), paraoxon (POX) and demeton-S-methyl (DSM) (potential OP simulants of NAs) and tabun (GA), soman (GD) and VX (NAs). Characterization of the VX toxicokinetic parameters demonstrated that DSM applied on pig ear full-thickness skin was the most appropriate model to mimic the skin permeation for VX. On the other hand, permeation studies on GA and GD did not allow us to conclude that pig ear full-thickness skin model and DFP were appropriate to simulate GA and GD skin penetration. Finally, preliminary studies with parathion (PA) confirmed that human skin grafted onto nude mouse was relevant to model in vivo NA percutaneous absorptionLYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Fifty years of research to counter the decline of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis): a review of French achievements and prospects for the restoration of remaining beds and revival of aquaculture production

In the fifty years since the introduction of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the first reports of the parasites Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae in European waters, numerous research projects dedicated to the native European flat oyster Ostrea edulis have been conducted, notably in France. Most of these projects have been dedicated to developing controlled reproduction and hatchery technology for seed production, examining pathological aspects to understand and control diseases, and using genetics to develop resistant lines. While the long-term objective of most studies has been to revive the aquaculture production of O. edulis, a smaller number have addressed the ecology of local remnant beds and reefs in France. This article provides an overview of the major outcomes of all these projects, focusing on results obtained in France and prospects for future work there, taking into account the rising interest in increasing aquaculture production and ecological motivation to restore declining populations as part of the framework of the Native Oyster Restoration Alliance (NORA) and in line with UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration