Una herencia en Manaos (anotaciones sobre historia ambiental, ecología política y agroecología en una perspectiva latinoamericana)

Este artículo pretende explorar algunas vinculaciones de la agroecología con la historia ambiental, en sus escalas macro y micro, y con la ecología política. Una clave de interpretación es un interrogante sobre la identidad latinoamericana, que es percibida como articulación y sedimentación de varias herencias diferentes,en la cultura, la tecnología, los paisajes y la naturaleza

Comparative Expression Profiling of Leishmania: Modulation in Gene Expression between Species and in Different Host Genetic Backgrounds

The single-celled parasite Leishmania, transmitted by sand flies in more than 88 tropical and sub-tropical countries globally, infects man and other mammals, causing a spectrum of diseases called the leishmaniases. Over 12 million people are currently infected worldwide with 2 million new cases reported each year. The type of leishmaniasis that develops in the mammalian host is dependent on the species of infecting parasite and the immune response to infection (that can be influenced by host genetic variation). Our research is focused on identifying parasite factors that contribute to pathogenicity in the host and understanding how these might differ between parasite species that give rise to the different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. Molecules of this type might lead to new therapeutic tools in the longer term. In this paper, we report a comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in three Leishmania species that give rise to different types of disease, focusing on the intracellular stages that reside in mammalian macrophages. Our results show that there are only a small number of differences between these parasite species, with host genetics playing only a minor role in influencing the parasites' response to their intracellular habitat. These small changes may be significant, however, in determining the clinical outcome of infection

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Rôle de l'aversion gustative conditionnée et de la satiété dans la dépression de la prise énergétique induite par les régimes hyperprotéiques chez le rat

PARIS-AgroParisTech Centre Paris (751052302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Interreg IVA France Suisse 2007-2013 – Evaluation intermédiaire

Évaluation intermédiaire du programme de coopération transfrontalière (INTERREG 2007-2013) entre la France et la Suisse

Mesurer l'impact des entités linéaires paysagères sur les dynamiques spatiales du ruissellement : une approche par simulation multi-agents

Hydrosedimentary fluxes that run from agricultural plots down to the water streams are currently associated with many social, economic and environmental issues such as diffuse pollution, soil infertility, soil loss, floods, etc. While the genesis of these transfers are well-known at the scale of the agricultural plot, flow dynamics occurring on slopes remain poorly understood. This is especially the case in the small basins located in the north-western part of France, where the landscape mosaic, which includes linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches...), tends to complicate the processes. Analyzing the transfer conditions is important for a further integrated watershed management. Hence, in this paper, we propose to use a multi-agent system as a support decision tool to understand the role of anthropogenic linear networks on runoff pathways. We carried out a so-called bottom-up approach, to measure the effects of the local interactions between each linear element on the global hydrological behavior of the watershed. A first spatial analysis index, characterizing the impact of linear networks in the path of runoff, is constructed here from numerical simulations. The results of this study also tend to demonstrate the relevance of Multi-Agent Systems as diagnostic tools to the hydrosedimentary transfers and processes