Quasielastic Electron Scattering from Nuclei: Random-Phase vs. Ring Approximations

We investigate the extent to which the nuclear transverse response to electron scattering in the quasielastic region, evaluated in the random-phase approximation can be described by ring approximation calculations. Different effective interactions based on a standard model of the type g'+V_pi+V_rho are employed. For each momentum transfer, we have obtained the value of g'_0 permitting the ring response to match the position of the peak and/or the non-energy weighted sum rule provided by the random-phase approach has been obtained. It is found that, in general, it is not possible to reproduce both magnitudes simultaneously for a given g'_0 value.Comment: 7 pages, 4 Postscript figures, to appear in Physical Review

Dedication to Peter M. Williams

Peter M. Williams was a pioneer in the field of marine organic chemistry for thirty-five years. He died on 26 December 1994 of complicatio~ls from emphysema. We dedicate this special volume of Deep-Sea Research to his memory and as a commemoration of the vast amount of research inspired by his creativity and ideas, many of which were far ahead of their time. Research accomplishments of Peter Williams included: Performing the first isolation of individual organic compounds from seawater. Making the first determination of the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the sea. Performing the first radiocarbon dating of seawater organic matter. Serving as a leader and major contributor to an interdisciplinary study on the formation, composition and alteration of sea surface films. Publishing, over three decades, results of the most comprehensive studies to date on the distribution and cycling of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the world's oceans. As John Hedges aptly expressed in his letter nominating Peter Williams as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union: "Who else can so accurately describe their research interests simply as 'Marine Chemistry'?

Resumming the color-octet contribution to e+ e- -> J/psi + X

Recent observations of the spectrum of J/psi produced in e+ e- collisions at the Upsilon(4S) resonance are in conflict with fixed-order calculations using the Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) effective field theory. One problem is that leading order color-octet mechanisms predict an enhancement of the cross section for J/psi with maximal energy that is not observed in the data. However, in this region of phase space large perturbative corrections (Sudakov logarithms) as well as enhanced nonperturbative effects are important. In this paper we use the newly developed Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) to systematically include these effects. We find that these corrections significantly broaden the color-octet contribution to the J/psi spectrum. Our calculation employs a one-stage renormalization group evolution rather than the two-stage evolution used in previous SCET calculations. We give a simple argument for why the two methods yield identical results to lowest order in the SCET power counting.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figure

Low-Energy Electron Microscopy Studies of Interlayer Mass Transport Kinetics on TiN(111)

In situ low-energy electron microscopy was used to study interlayer mass transport kinetics during annealing of three-dimensional (3D) TiN(111) mounds, consisting of stacked 2D islands, at temperatures T between 1550 and 1700 K. At each T, the islands decay at a constant rate, irrespective of their initial position in the mounds, indicating that mass is not conserved locally. From temperature-dependent island decay rates, we obtain an activation energy of 2.8+/-0.3 eV. This is consistent with the detachment-limited decay of 2D TiN islands on atomically-flat TiN(111) terraces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 176102], but significantly smaller than the value, 4.5+/-0.2 eV, obtained for bulk-diffusion-limited spiral step growth [Nature 429, 49 (2004)]. We model the process based upon step flow, while accounting for step-step interactions, step permeability, and bulk mass transport. The results show that TiN(111) steps are highly permeable and exhibit strong repulsive temperature-dependent step-step interactions that vary between 0.003 and 0.076 eV-nm. The rate-limiting process controlling TiN(111) mound decay is surface, rather than bulk, diffusion in the detachment-limited regime.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure

The symmetry of the superconducting order parameter in PuCoGa5_5

The symmetry of the superconducting order parameter in single-crystalline PuCoGa$_5$ ($T_{\rm c} = 18.5$ K) is investigated via zero- and transverse- field muon spin relaxation ($\mu$SR) measurements, probing the possible existence of orbital and/or spin moments (time reversal-symmetry violation TRV) associated with the superconducting phase and the in-plane magnetic-field penetration depth $\lambda(T)$ in the mixed state, respectively. We find no evidence for TRV, and show that the superfluid density, or alternatively, $\Delta\lambda(T) = \lambda(T) - \lambda(0)$, are $\propto T$ for $T/T_{\rm c} \leq 0.5$. Taken together these measurements are consistent with an even-parity (pseudo-spin singlet), d-wave pairing state.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Relativistic effects in electromagnetic nuclear responses in the quasi-elastic delta region

A new non-relativistic expansion in terms of the nucleon's momentum inside nuclear matter of the current for isobar electro-excitation from the nucleon is performed. Being exact with respect to the transferred energy and momentum, this yields new current operators which retain important aspects of relativity not taken into account in the traditional non-relativistic reductions. The transition current thus obtained differs from the leading order of the traditional expansion by simple multiplicative factors. These depend on the momentum and energy transfer and can be easily included together with relativistic kinematics in non-relativistic, many-body models of isobar electro-excitation in nuclei. The merits of the new current are tested by comparing with the unexpanded electromagnetic nuclear responses in the isobar peak computed in a relativistic Fermi gas framework. The sensitivity of the relativistic responses to the isobar's magnetic, electric and Coulomb form factors and the finite width of the isobar is analyzed.Comment: 26 pages plus 6 figure

Empirical Evidence on the Use of Credit Scoring for Predicting Insurance Losses with Psycho-social and Biochemical Explanations

An important development in personal lines of insurance in the United States is the use of credit history data for insurance risk classification to predict losses. This research presents the results of collaboration with industry conducted by a university at the request of its state legislature. The purpose was to see the viability and validity of the use of credit scoring to predict insurance losses given its controversial nature and criticism as redundant of other predictive variables currently used. Working with industry and government, this study analyzed more than 175,000 policyholders’ information for the relationship between credit score and claims. Credit scores were significantly related to incurred losses, evidencing both statistical and practical significance. We investigate whether the revealed relationship between credit score and incurred losses was explainable by overlap with existing underwriting variables or whether the credit score adds new information about losses not contained in existing underwriting variables. The results show that credit scores contain significant information not already incorporated into other traditional rating variables (e.g., age, sex, driving history). We discuss how sensation seeking and self-control theory provide a partial explanation of why credit scoring works (the psycho-social perspective). This article also presents an overview of biological and chemical correlates of risk taking that helps explain why knowing risk-taking behavior in one realm (e.g., risky financial behavior and poor credit history) transits to predicting risk-taking behavior in other realms (e.g., automobile insurance incurred losses). Additional research is needed to advance new nontraditional loss prediction variables from social media consumer information to using information provided by technological advances. The evolving and dynamic nature of the insurance marketplace makes it imperative that professionals continue to evolve predictive variables and for academics to assist with understanding the whys of the relationships through theory development.IC2 Institut

The Chandra Deep protocluster survey : evidence for an enhancement of AGN activity in the SSA22 protocluster at z = 3.09

We present results from a new ultra-deep ≈400 ks Chandra observation of the SSA22 protocluster at z = 3.09. We have studied the X-ray properties of 234 z ~ 3 Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs; protocluster and field) and 158 z = 3.09 Lyα Emitters (LAEs) in SSA22 to measure the influence of the high-density protocluster environment on the accretion activity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in these UV-selected star-forming populations. We detect individually X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in six LBGs and five LAEs; due to small overlap between the LBG and LAE source population, ten of these sources are unique. At least six and potentially eight of these sources are members of the protocluster. These sources have rest-frame 8-32 keV luminosities in the range of L 8-32 keV = (3-50) ×1043 ergs s-1and an average observed-frame 2-8 keV to 0.5-2 keV band ratio (BR) of ≈0.8 (mean effective photon index of Γeff≈ 1.1), suggesting significant absorption columns of N H gsim 1022-1024 cm-2. We find that the fraction of LBGs and LAEs in the z = 3.09 protocluster harboring an AGN with L 8-32 keV gsim 3 × 1043 ergs s-1is 9.5+12.7 -6.1% and 5.1+6.8 -3.3%, respectively. These AGN fractions are somewhat larger (by a mean factor of 6.1+10.3 -3.6 significant at the ≈95% confidence level) than z ~ 3 sources found in lower-density "field" environments. Theoretical models imply that these results may be due to the presence of more actively growing and/or massive SMBHs in LBGs and LAEs within the protocluster compared to the field. Such a result is expected in a scenario where enhanced merger activity in the protocluster drives accelerated galaxy and SMBH growth at zgsim 2-3. Using Spitzer IRAC imaging we found that the fraction of IRAC-detected LBGs is significantly larger in the protocluster than in the field (by a factor of 3.0+2.0 -1.3). From these data, we constrained the median rest-frame H-band luminosity in the protocluster to be gsim 1.2-1.8 times larger than that for the field. When combined with our X-ray data, this suggests that both galaxies and SMBHs grew more rapidly in protocluster environments

Estimating sigma-meson couplings from D \to 3\pi decays

Using recent experimental evidence from E791 on the sigma meson in D \to 3\pi decays, we study the relevant couplings in D \to \sigma \pi and \sigma \to \pi\ pi within the accepted theoretical framework for non leptonic D decays. We also review the linear sigma model, finding that it gives a description which is consistent with the experimental data.Comment: 6 pages, no figures. Final version accepted for publication as a Brief Report in Physical Review

Using grounded theory for theory building in operations management research:a study on inter-firm relationship governance

Purpose – Qualitative theory building approaches, such as grounded theory method (GTM), are still not very widespread and rigorously applied in operations management (OM) research. Yet it is agreed that more systematic observation of current industrial phenomena is necessary to help managers deal with their problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide an example to help guide other researchers on using GTM for theory building in OM research. Design/methodology/approach – A GTM study in the German automotive industry consisting of 31 interviews is followed by a validation stage comprising a survey (110 responses) and a focus group. Findings – The result is an example of conducting GTM research in OM, illustrated by the development of the novel collaborative enterprise governance framework for inter-firm relationship governance in the German automotive industry. Research limitations/implications – GTM is appropriate for qualitative theory building research, but the resultant theories need further testing. Research is necessary to identify the transferability of the collaborative enterprise governance concept to other industries than automotive, to other organisational areas than R&D and to product and service settings that are less complex and innovative. Practical implications – The paper helps researchers make more informed use of GTM when engaging in qualitative theory building research in OM. Originality/value – There is a lack of explicit and well-informed use of GTM in OM research because of poor understanding. This paper addresses this deficiency. The collaborative enterprise governance framework is a significant contribution in an area of growing importance within OM