Oxidative C-H/C-H Coupling of Dipyrromethanes with Azines by tio2-Based Photocatalytic System. Synthesis of New Bodipy Dyes and Their Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties

Oxidative C-H/C-H coupling reactions of dipyrromethanes with azines in the presence of a heterophase oxidative photocatalytic system (O2/TiO2/visible light irradiation) were carried out. As a result of cyclization of obtained compounds with boron trifluoride etherate, new hetaryl-containing derivatives of 4,4-difluoro-4-boron-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene were synthesized. For the obtained compounds, absorption and luminescence spectra, quantum yields of luminescence as well as cyclic volt-amperograms were measured. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Funding: This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, research project numbers 20-43-660054 and 19-29-08037. The photophysical studies were carried out within the state assignment no AAAA-A19-119070790003-7

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Progress in understanding disruptions triggered by massive gas injection via 3D non-linear MHD modelling with JOREK

3D non-linear MHD simulations of a D 2 massive gas injection (MGI) triggered disruption in JET with the JOREK code provide results which are qualitatively consistent with experimental observations and shed light on the physics at play. In particular, it is observed that the gas destabilizes a large m/n = 2/1 tearing mode, with the island O-point coinciding with the gas deposition region, by enhancing the plasma resistivity via cooling. When the 2/1 island gets so large that its inner side reaches the q = 3/2 surface, a 3/2 tearing mode grows. Simulations suggest that this is due to a steepening of the current profile right inside q = 3/2. Magnetic field stochastization over a large fraction of the minor radius as well as the growth of higher n modes ensue rapidly, leading to the thermal quench (TQ). The role of the 1/1 internal kink mode is discussed. An I p spike at the TQ is obtained in the simulations but with a smaller amplitude than in the experiment. Possible reasons are discussed

Wpływ stymulatora Asahi SL na zawartość składników mineralnych w owocach oberżyny (Solanum melongenum L.) z uprawy w nieogrzewanym tunelu foliowym

Eggplants, known for their exceptional taste, are low in calories and constitute a rich source of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper and aluminum. They require a long and warm growing season, since adverse environmental conditions lead to growth inhibition, blossom fall and fruit drop. The application of eco-friendly biostimulators, such as Asahi SL, contributes to improving the growth and development of eggplants through increasing their stress tolerance and environmental adaptability, thus resulting in a higher yield. A two-factorial experiment in a split-plot design with three replications was conducted in 2010-2011. The leaves of two eggplant cultivars, Black Beauty and Violetta Lunga, were sprayed with a 0.1% solution of Asahi SL. Seedlings were grown in a heated greenhouse, in line with the generally observed standards for eggplant cultivation. Eight-week-old seedlings were planted in the ground, at 50x60 cm spacing, in an unheated plastic tunnel. Starting from 30 May, at 10-day-intervals, eggplants were sprayed three times with the biostimulator Asahi SL at a concentration of 0.1%. Plants sprayed with water served as control. The fruits were harvested at the stage of commercial maturity, when normal sized and colored but still unripe. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients in fruits of two eggplant cultivars, grown in an unheated plastic tunnel and sprayed with the biostimulator Asahi SL. The mineral content of eggplants was determined in mid-August, on an average sample of marketable fruit yield collected in each treatment. The application of Asahi SL led to a significant decrease in total nitrogen levels in the fruits of cv. Black Beauty, and a significant increase in potassium concentrations in the fruits of both eggplant cultivars. The biostimulator increased Cu accumulation in fruits of both cultivars, and it significantly decreased Fe accumulation in cv. Violetta Lunga in comparison with the control treatment. The fruits of cv. Violetta Lunga harvested from control plants were characterized by normal Ca:Mg and Ca:P ratios. The broadest K:Mg ratio was noted in cv. Violetta Lunga in both treatments. The K:(Mg+Ca) ratio was higher in the fruits from control plants of cv. Black Beauty

Critical exponents in a percolation picture of the fluorescence quenching during the sol-gel transition

Herewith we report on the measurements of the time evolution of the fluorescence yield and the Rayleigh scattering, performed during the gelation process in the following solutions: gelatin in water, gelatin in a heavy water and agarose in water. Our results provide the experimental evidence of the universal power law, resulting from the percolation theory, which expresses the dependence of the fluorescence yield on the number of intermolecular bonds created during the sol-gel transition. The values of universal critical exponents present in this law are found to have the same values for all investigated materials