SAURON Observations of Disks in Spheroids

The panoramic integral-field spectrograph SAURON is currently being used to map the stellar kinematics, gaseous kinematics, and stellar populations of a large number of early-type galaxies and bulges. Here, we describe SAURON observations of cold stellar disks embedded in spheroids (NGC3384, NGC4459, NGC4526), we illustrate the kinematics and ionization state of large-scale gaseous disks (NGC4278, NGC7742), and we show preliminary comparisons of SAURON data with barred galaxy N-body simulations (NGC3623).Comment: 8 pages including 5 figures. To appear in Galaxies: The Third Dimension, eds. M. Rosado, L. Binnette, & L. Arias (ASP: San Francisco

SAURON: An Innovative Look at Early-Type Galaxies

A summary of the SAURON project and its current status is presented. SAURON is a panoramic integral-field spectrograph designed to study the stellar kinematics, gaseous kinematics, and stellar populations of spheroids. Here, the sample of galaxies and its properties are described. The instrument is detailed and its capabilities illustrated through observational examples. These includes results on the structure of central stellar disks, the kinematics and ionization state of gaseous disks, and the stellar populations of galaxies with decoupled cores.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. To appear in "The Dynamics, Structure & History of Galaxies", eds. G. S. Da Costa & E. M. Sadler (San Francisco: ASP). Version with full resolution images available at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~dynamics/Instruments/Sauron/pub_list.htm

A SAURON view of galaxies

We have measured the two-dimensional kinematics and line-strength distributions of 72 representative nearby early-type galaxies, out to approximately one effective radius, with our panoramic integral-field spectrograph SAURON. The resulting maps reveal a rich variety in kinematical structures and linestrength distributions, indicating that early-type galaxies are more complex systems than often assumed. We are building detailed dynamical models for these galaxies, to derive their intrinsic shape and dynamical structure, and to determine the mass of the supermassive central black hole. Here we focus on two examples, the compact elliptical M32 and the E3 galaxy NGC4365. These objects represent two extreme cases: M32 has very regular kinematics which can be represented accurately by an axisymmetric model in which all stars rotate around the short axis, while NGC4365 is a triaxial galaxy with a prominent kinematically decoupled core, with an inner core that rotates about an axis that is nearly perpendicular to the rotation axis of the main body of the galaxy. Our dynamical models for these objects demonstrate that two-dimensional observations are essential for deriving the intrinsic orbital structure and dark matter content of galaxies.Comment: 7 pages (3 figures, full resolution Fig. 1 available at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~verolme/M32.ps). Contributed talk to the Athens Workshop on Galaxies and Chaos, Theory and Observations; Proceedings to appear in "Galaxies and Chaos", eds. G. Contopoulos and N. Vogli

Dynamical Modeling of SAURON Galaxies

We describe our program for the dynamical modeling of early-type galaxies observed with the panoramic integral-field spectrograph SAURON. We are using Schwarzschild's numerical orbit superposition method to reproduce in detail all kinematical and photometric observables, and recover the intrinsic orbital structure of the galaxies. Since catastrophes are the most prominent features in the orbital observables, two-dimensional kinematical coverage is essential to constrain the dynamical models.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX. Published in 2003, Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 1: Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, ed. L. C. Ho (Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories, http://www.ociw.edu/ociw/symposia/series/symposium1/proceedings.html

A Log-Quadratic Relation Between the Nuclear Black-Hole Masses and Velocity Dispersions of Galaxies

We demonstrate that a log-linear relation does not provide an adequate description of the correlation between the masses of Super-Massive Black-Holes (SMBH, M_bh) and the velocity dispersions of their host spheroid (sigma). An unknown relation between log(M_bh) and log(sigma) may be expanded to second order to obtain a log-quadratic relation of the form log(M_bh)=alpha+beta log(sigma/200) + beta_2[log(sigma/200)]^2. We perform a Bayesian analysis using the Nuker sample, and solve for beta, beta_2 and alpha, in addition to the intrinsic scatter (delta). We find unbiased parameter estimates of beta=4.2+/-0.37, beta_2=1.6+/-1.3 and delta=0.275+/-0.05. At the 80% level the M_bh-sigma relation does not follow a uniform power-law. Indeed, over the velocity range 70km/s<sigma<380km/s the logarithmic slope of the best fit relation varies between 2.7 and 5.1, which should be compared with a power-law estimate of 4.02+/-0.33. Assuming no systematic offset, single epoch virial SMBH masses estimated for AGN follow the same log-quadratic M_bh-sigma relation as the Nuker sample, but extend it downward in mass by an order of magnitude. The log-quadratic term in the M_bh-sigma relation has a significant effect on estimates of the local SMBH mass function at M_bh>10^9 solar masses, leading to densities of SMBHs with M_bh>10^10 solar masses that are several orders of magnitude larger than inferred from a log-linear relation. We also estimate unbiased parameters for the SMBH-bulge mass relation. With a parameterisation log(M_bh)=alpha_b + beta_b log(M_b/10^{11}) + beta_2b[log(M_b/10^{11})]^2, we find beta_b=1.15+/-0.18 and beta_2b=0.12+/-0.14. We determined an intrinsic scatter delta_b=0.41+/-0.07 which is ~50% larger than the scatter in the M_bh-sigma relation.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures. Replaced to correct errors in published versio

A SAURON study of M32: measuring the intrinsic flattening and the central black hole mass

We present dynamical models of the nearby compact elliptical galaxy M32, using high quality kinematical measurements, obtained with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON mounted on the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma. We also include STIS data obtained by Joseph et al. We find a best-fit black hole mass of (2.5 +/- 0.5) million solar masses and a stellar I-band mass-to-light ratio of (1.85 +/- 0.15) in solar units. For the first time, we are also able to constrain the inclination along which M32 is observed to (70 +/- 5) degrees. Combined with an averaged observed flattening of 0.73, this corresponds to an intrinsic flattening of approximately 0.68 +/- 0.03. These tight constraints are mainly caused by the use of integral-field data. We show this quantitatively by comparing with models that are constrained by multiple slits only. We show the phase-space distribution and intrinsic velocity structure of the best-fit model and investigate the effect of regularisation on the orbit distribution.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS; version with full resolution Fig.1 available at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~verolme/papers.htm

SAURON: Observations of E/S0/Sa galaxies

We present results from a new and unique integral-field spectrograph, SAURON. It has a large field of view and high throughput and is primarily built for the study of stellar & gaseous kinematics and stellar populations in galaxies. Its aim is to carry out a systematic survey of the velocity fields, velocity dispersions, and line-strength distributions of nearby ellipticals, lenticular galaxies and spiral bulges. Its wide field is especially useful for the study of complicated velocity structures. Together with other spectroscopic data, images, and dynamical modelling, SAURON will help to constrain the intrinsic shapes, mass-to-light ratios, and stellar populations of early-type galaxies and spiral bulges.Comment: 1 page, 1 figure, to appear in Revista Mexicana de Astrofisica y Astronomia Conf. Serie

Внутриартериальная химиотерапия в комбинированном лечении резектабельного рака желудка с метастазами в печень

В Донецком областном противоопухолевом центре разработан и внедрен способ катетеризации печеночной артерии при паллиативных операциях у больных раком желудка с метастазами в печень. По данному способу пролечено 56 больных резектабельным раком желудка с метастатическим поражением печени, что позволило увеличить продолжительность и улучшить качество жизни больных.У Донецькому обласному протипухлинному центрі розроблено та впроваджено спосіб катетеризації печінкової артерії при паліативних операціях у хворих на рак шлунку з метастазами в печінку. За цим способом проліковано 56 хворих на резектабельний рак шлунку з метастатичним ураженням печінки, що дало змогу збільшити тривалість і поліпшити якість життя хворих.A method of catheterization of hepatic artery at palliative surgery in patients with gastric cancer and metastases to the liver was worked out and introduced at Donetsk Regional Antitumor Center. This method was used in 56 patients with operable cancer of the stomach with metastases to the liver, which allowed increasing the duration and improving the quality of life of the patients

Repeated nipple fluid aspiration

Background: Despite intensive surveillance, a high rate of interval malignancies is still seen in women at increased breast cancer risk. Therefore, novel screening modalities aiming at early detection remain needed. The intraductal approach offers the possibility to directly sample fluid containing cells, DNA and proteins from the mammary ductal system where, in the majority of cases, breast cancer originates. Fluid from the breast can non-invasively be obtained by oxytocin-assisted vacuum aspiration, called nipple fluid aspiration (NFA). The goal of this feasibility study was to evaluate the potential of repeated NFA, which is a critical and essential step to evaluate its possible value as a breast cancer screening method. Methods: In this multicenter, prospective study, we annually collected nipple fluid for up to 5 consecutive years from women at increased breast cancer risk, and performed a questionnaire-based survey regarding discomfort of the aspiration. Endpoints of the current interim analyses were the feasibility and results of 994 NFA procedures in 451 women with total follow-up of 560 person years of observation. Results: In this large group of women at increased risk of breast cancer, repetitive NFA appeared to be feasible and safe. In 66.4% of aspirated breasts, nipple fluid was successfully obtained. Independent predictive factors for successful NFA were premenopausal status, spontaneous nipple discharge, smaller breast size, bilateral oophorectomy and previous use of hormone replacement therapy or anti-hormonal treatment. The procedure was well tolerated with low discomfort. Drop-out rate was 20%, which was mainly due to repeated unsuccessful aspiration attempts. Only 1.6% of women prematurely declined further participation because of side effects. Conclusions: Repeated NFA in women at increased breast cancer risk is feasible and safe. Therefore, NFA is a promising method to non-invasively obtain a valuable source of potential breast cancer specific biomarkers