The State[s] of Confession Law in a Post-Miranda World

Police interrogators often use lies, threats, subterfuge, and psychological pressure to coerce vulnerable suspects to speak. These tactics produce false confessions, contribute to racial injustice, and undermine the legitimacy of the criminal process. Despite a documented need for better regulation, theU.S. Supreme Court has watered down constitutional protections in the interrogation room, signaling its intent to delegate most regulation of police interrogation practices to the states. Reformers and scholars must think about how best to push states to fill the void left by the absence of federal oversight. This Article catalogues four different state approaches to regulating confession law: procedural protections, substantive restrictions, rules of adjudication, and changes in police approaches to training. It then draws conclusions about the relative effectiveness of these different approaches in light of currently available empirical, psychological, and sociological research. It argues that substantive restrictions on interrogation practices through rules with robust remedies are the best way to promote lasting change and restore legitimacy to what is currently a broken system. Recognizing that policymakers in different states and localities face different political climates, the Article concludes by outlining a graduated set of reforms that permits policymakers to identify what would be most feasible and effective in their respective jurisdictions

Developing Intuition in Youth Through Empowerment: A Step Toward Professionalism Through Mentoring

I have selected four areas to define and explore in order to best describe the need for the development of a support system to encourage the professional growth and development of the youth of today who will lead tomorrow. These areas include: Intuition: Theoretical Interpretations from its Roots and History Developing Leadership/Professionalism Through the Empowerment of Intuition The Mentor/Protege Relationship and Its Relationship to Intuition: Effects of the Leadership Role Combining the Five S\u27s (signs, senses, symbols, symptoms and systems) in Developing Intuitio

A cross dialectal view of the Arabic dative alternation

This paper is concerned with the syntax of ditransitive verbs in Arabic.We concentrate on the vernaculars, focussing in particular on three geographically spread dialects: Egyptian Cairene Arabic, the dominant vernacular in Egypt, Hijazi Arabic, spoken in Western Saudi Arabia and Maltese, a mixed language with a Magrebi/Siculo-Arabic stratum. We show that all three exhibit an alternation (the dative alternation) between a ditransitive ('double object') construction and a corresponding prepositional dative construction, and outline a number of differences between these constructions in the different varieties of Arabic. We consider the distribution of verbs exhibiting the dative alternation in the light of Ryding's (2011) observations concerning Modern Standard Arabic

Outcome of single breech term deliveries at the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria: a five year review

Background: The best mode of delivery of breech presentation for optimum neonatal outcome has been a subject of controversy over the years. Aim of current study was to determine the pattern of distribution, incidence, mode of delivery and outcome of singleton breech presentations at term among parturients at this centre.Methods: This was a retrospective study of singleton breech term delivery at the federal medical centre, Owerri between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011. Singleton breech term deliveries were identified from the labor ward register and the hospital numbers extracted to retrieve the case notes from the medical records department of the hospital. Some data were collected and analysed.Results: There were a total of 9624 deliveries during the study period, out of which 328 (3.4%) were singleton breech presentation at term. Term singleton breech was commoner in multiparous 200 (61%) than in primiparous 128 (39%) women. Extended (Frank) breech was the commonest type of breech presentation (60.4%) followed by flexed (complete) breech (36.0%) and footling breech (3.6%) was the least common. Assisted vaginal breech delivery was conducted in 66.2% of cases while 27.4% were delivered by emergency caesarean section and 6.4% of cases were delivered through elective caesarean section. There were one maternal and 24 perinatal death. Twenty one (87.5%) of perinatal deaths those occurred in unbooked mothers.Conclusion: Although assisted vaginal breech delivery for singleton breech term delivery was commonly performed in our centre, elective caesarean delivery gives the better neonatal outcome for fetuses presenting breech.

Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cameroon: A statement from the Cameroon Bioethics Initiative

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused devastating consequences across economies in the world, with substantial effects on lives and livelihoods. Cameroon has been one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa with an increasing number of cases and fatalities from the disease. In an effort to support the government’s response to the epidemic, the Cameroon Bioethics Initiative (CAMBIN); a not-for-profit, non-governmental, non-political, non-discriminatory, multidisciplinary association issued a statement on COVID-19, primarily targeting the government and the general public. In this article, we situate the context within which the statement was issued and present the statement in its entirety

The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes

Are students kidding with health research ethics? The case of HIV/AIDS research in Cameroon

Abstract Background Universities in Cameroon are playing an active part in HIV/AIDS research and much of this research is carried out by students, usually for the purpose of a dissertation/thesis. Student theses/dissertations present research findings in a much more comprehensive manner and have been described as the stepping-stone of a budding scientist’s potential in becoming an independent researcher. It is therefore important to verify how students handle issues of research ethics. Method Theses/dissertations on HIV/AIDS that described research studies involving the use of human research participants were screened to verify if research ethics approval and informed consent were obtained and documented. The contents of the consent forms were also qualitatively analyzed. Results Of 174 theses/dissertations on HIV, ethics approval was documented in 17 (9.77%) and informed consent in 77 (47.83%). Research ethics approval was first mentioned at all in 2002 and highly reported in the year 2007. Evidence of ethics approval was found for the first time in 2005 and informed consent first observed and evidenced in 1997. Ethics approval was mostly reported by students studying for an MD (14.01%) and was not reported in any Bachelors’ degree dissertation. Informed consent was also highly reported in MD theses (64.58%) followed by undergraduate theses (31.58%). Voluntary participation and potential benefits of the study were some of the common aspects dealt with in most of the consent forms. The right to discontinue participation in the study and management of residual samples were scarcely ever mentioned. Conclusions Overall, and given the current state of the art of research ethics around the world, student-scientists in Cameroon would seem to be merely kidding with research ethics. It is thus essential that training in health research ethics (HRE) be incorporated in the curriculum of universities in Cameroon in order that the next generation of scientists may be better equipped with thorough knowledge and practice of HRE. This, we believe, would be one way of fighting the occurrence of research scandals, which have not yet abated significantly, especially those arising from negligence or inexcusable ignorance. </jats:sec

Perspectives of different stakeholders on data use and management in public health emergencies in sub-Saharan Africa: a meeting report

During public health emergencies (PHEs), data are collected and generated from a variety of activities and sources, including but not limited to national public health programs, research and community-based activities. It is critical that these data are rapidly shared in order to facilitate the public health response, epidemic preparedness, as well as research during and after the epidemic. Nonetheless, collecting and sharing data during PHEs can be challenging, especially where there are limited resources for public health and research-related activities. In a symposium that brought together different stakeholders that were involved in the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, meeting attendees shared their perspectives on the values and management of data during PHEs in sub-Saharan Africa. Key factors that could inform and facilitate data management during PHEs in sub-Saharan Africa were discussed, including using data to inform policy decisions and healthcare; a coordinated data collection and management scheme; identifying incentives for data sharing; and equitable data  governance mechanism that emphasise principles of reciprocity, transparency and accountability rather that trust between stakeholders or collaborators. Empirical studies are required to explore how these principles could inform best practices for data management and governance during PHE in sub-Saharan Africa.</ns3:p