CA88, a nuclear repetitive DNA sequence identified in Schistosoma mansoni, aids in the genotyping of nine Schistosoma species of medical and veterinary importance

CA88 is the first long nuclear repetitive DNA sequence identified in the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. The assembled S. mansoni sequence, which contains the CA88 repeat, has 8,887 nucleotides and at least three repeat units of approximately 360 bp. In addition, CA88 also possesses an internal CA microsatellite, identified as SmBr18. Both PCR and BLAST analysis have been used to analyse and confirm the CA88 sequence in other S. mansoni sequences in the public database. PCR-acquired nuclear repetitive DNA sequence profiles from nine Schistosoma species were used to classify this organism into four genotypes. Included among the nine species analysed were five sequences of both African and Asian lineages that are known to infect humans. Within these genotypes, three of them refer to recognised species groups. A panel of four microsatellite loci, including SmBr18 and three previously published loci, has been used to characterise the nine Schistosoma species. Each species has been identified and classified based on its CA88 DNA fingerprint profile. Furthermore, microsatellite sequences and intra-specific variation have also been observed within the nine Schistosoma species sequences. Taken together, these results support the use of these markers in studying the population dynamics of Schistosoma isolates from endemic areas and also provide new methods for investigating the relationships between different populations of parasites. In addition, these data also indicate that Schistosoma magrebowiei is not a sister taxon to Schistosoma mattheei, prompting a new designation to a basal clade.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Imunologia e ParasitologiaInstituto de Pesquisas René Rachou-FiocruzThe Natural History Museum Department of ZoologySanta Casa de Belo Horizonte Programa de Pós-Graduação e PesquisaUniversidade Federal de Ouro Preto Escola de Farmácia Laboratório de Pesquisas ClínicasUNIFESP, EPM, Imunologia e ParasitologiaSciEL

Deforestación en el área de conservación privada Tilacancha: zona de recarga hídrica y de abastecimiento de agua para Chachapoyas

La deforestación es un componente principal del cambio climático; el mismo que está contribuyendo a la rápida pérdida del área de bosques con importantes implicaciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad y el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la deforestación en el área de conservación privada Tilacancha, cuya zona representa la recarga hídrica y de abastecimiento de agua para Chachapoyas. Se aplicó el algoritmo de clasificación supervisada de máxima probabilidad incorporada en el QGIS para detectar cambios en la cobertura del suelo observados en el ACP Tilacancha utilizando datos satelitales multiespectrales obtenidos de Landsat 5 y 8 para los años 1984, 2000 y 2016. El ACP se clasificó en cinco clases principales de cobertura: arbustos, pastos y cultivos, pajonal y superficie quemada. Los mapas generados presentaron una exactitud temática global de 87% y un índice Kappa de 0.78. Los resultados indican que la cobertura forestal para el primer y segundo periodo se redujo en un 21.63% y 41.39% respectivamente, mientras que el área de pajonal se ha incrementado en un 13.63 % y 18.06% respectivamente. Durante los últimos 32 años, el uso y cobertura del suelo en la zona de estudio ha estado influenciado por factores clave que giran en torno al desarrollo ganadero y agrícola. El nivel de degradación forestal ha aumentado y requiere de manera inmediata tomar nota de los cambios ambientales y establecer políticas urgentes, rigurosas y coherentes para el desarrollo racional de los recursos de esta zona.</p

Incêndios florestais no entorno de Unidades de Conservação – estudo de caso na Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, Distrito Federal.

This study aimed to analyze aspects of fire use on urban areas around Águas Emendadas Ecological Station (ESECAE), in Distrito Federal, and to evaluate the foremost fire occurrences, equipment availability and tools for combatants and beyond decreasing forest fire incidences. The local population in town region around it (considering three kilometers as ray from the station), fire crew members units of conservation and the garrison body of firemen were interviewed in a representative form. Results had shown that most inclined areas to forest fire occurrence (33.4% highways edges and secondary roads) had their localization related to urban environment, in which 34% of residents used fire as land cleanness. Machines availability, tools and equipment for execution of the activities on prevention and combat exist; however, there is not any equipment for individual protection for all fire crew members. As a solution, educative campaigns to emphasize the negative consequences of using fire (as a tool land) and also to alert people for the risks caused by it should be done.Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com objetivo de analisar aspectos sobre o uso do fogo nas circunvizinhanças urbanas da Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas (ESECAE), no Distrito Federal, avaliar as principais ocorrências de incêndios, disponibilidade de máquinas, equipamentos e ferramentas para a brigada de combate e fornecer subsídios para diminuição da incidência de incêndios florestais. A população residente nas áreas urbanas do entorno (num raio de três quilômetros) e os brigadistas da unidade de conservação e da guarnição do Corpo de Bombeiros foram entrevistados. Os resultados mostraram que existem áreas mais propensas à ocorrência de incêndios florestais (margens de rodovias e estradas vicinais - 33,4%) em conseqüência da sua localização e a interação com o meio urbano, onde o fogo era usado na limpeza de terrenos por 34% da população. Existe disponibilidade de máquinas, equipamentos e ferramentas para a execução das atividades de prevenção e combate, porém, não existem equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI's) para todos os brigadistas. Para a população urbana, as campanhas educativas devem enfatizar as consequências negativas do uso do fogo e os riscos dos incêndios florestais

Efectos de la toxicidad de cadmio en la morfología de plantas de Bidens pilosa L

Cadmium is a metal that affects natural resources, plants and human beings. Therefore, different methods have been sought to mitigate the problem, one of them is phytoremediation that makes use of species that have the potential to accumulate the heavy metal in their plant tissues. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cadmium toxicity on the morphology of cadmium cadmium plants (Bindes pilosa L.). The plants were planted in two types of substrate with pH 6.27 and 5.53, adding different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (0, 5 and 10 ppm) inside a greenhouse; where there were 6 treatments with 5 replicates, thus having 30 experimental units. Morphological parameters and Cd concentrations in the root and foliar parts were evaluated. From the results obtained, the cadillo planted in the substrate with pH 5.53 without CdCl2 had greater height with 27.18 cm, with the same substrate plus 10 ppm of CdCl2 higher values were obtained in the variables; number of shoots (16 shoots), foliar fresh weight (26.70 g), foliar dry weight (10.92 g), root fresh weight (5.77 g), root dry weight (1.04 g) and root length (26.90 mm). Regarding the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues, a higher concentration was obtained in the foliar part (7.27 ppm) and less in the root (2.57 ppm). It is concluded that this species could be useful in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils. &nbsp;El cadmio es un metal que afectan los recursos naturales, plantas y seres humanos. Ante ello, se ha buscado diferentes métodos para mitigar el problema, uno de ellos es la fitorremediación que hace uso de especies que tienen el potencial de acumular el metal pesado en sus tejidos vegetales. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto que causa la toxicidad de cadmio en la morfología de plantas de cadillo (Bindes pilosa L.). Las plantas fueron sembradas en dos tipos de sustrato con pH 6.27 y 5.53, agregando diferentes concentraciones de cloruro de cadmio (CdCl2) (0, 5 y 10 ppm) dentro de un invernadero; donde se tuvo 6 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones, teniendo así 30 unidades experimentales. Se evaluó parámetros morfológicos y concentraciones de Cd en la parte radicular y foliar. De los resultados obtenidos, el cadillo sembrado en el sustrato con pH 5.53 sin CdCl2 tuvo mayor altura con 27.18 cm, con el mismo sustrato más 10 ppm de CdCl2 se obtuvo mayores valores en las variables; número de brotes (16 brotes), peso fresco foliar (26.70 g), peso seco foliar (10.92 g), peso fresco radicular (5.77 g), peso seco radicular (1.04 g) y longitud de raíz (26.90 mm). Respecto a la acumulación de Cd en los tejidos vegetales se obtuvo mayor concentración en la parte foliar (7.27 ppm) y menos en la raíz (2.57 ppm). Se concluye, que esta especie podría tener utilidad en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con Cd

Presence of Heavy Metals in Purple Crab (Platyxanthus orbignyi) Tissues in Southern Peru

Heavy metals (iron, copper, and zinc) were quantified in purple crab (Platyxanthus orbignyi) tissues collected in winter (September 2021), spring (November 2021), and summer (March 2022) at three beaches (Tres Hermanas, Fundición, and El Diablo) in Ilo Harbour (Moquegua), South Peru. The rank order of heavy metal concentrations in purple crab tissues and sediments was similar; iron (Fe) was followed by Copper (Cu), and this last one was followed by Zinc (Zn). The heavy metal concentrations in tissue crabs from the three beaches differed from each other spatially and seasonally. In addition, Fundición Beach was the zone with the highest concentration of those three metals during the summer

Fatores econômicos relacionados à intervenção na vegetação para a implantação de linhas de transmissão no estado de Rondônia.

The study was made on an electric energy transmission line between the cities of Ji-Paraná and Pimenta Bueno, in the State of Rondônia. The objective was to quantify the economic factors related to the suppression of vegetation by traditional and selective methods. The selective method cost was estimated according to the number of individuals per hectare, the area of intervention and the cost of felled trees. The total cost of the traditional method was determined by the area of intervention and by the cost of deforested hectares. The transposal of a fragment with the use of seven 55m towers, with no intervention in the vegetation, generates an increase of only 2,8% on the total cost, if compared to the cost of employing seven 35m towers plus the costs of a selective intervention in the vegetation. In the selective method, the number of individuals per hectare is the most important variable because it indicates directly the value to be wasted with the felling of trees. The traditional method will grow out of use because it does not offer big advantages in tecnicals envairomentals and economics terms.A pesquisa foi realizada em uma linha de transmissão de energia elétrica entre as cidades de Ji-Paraná e Pimenta Bueno, no estado de Rondônia. O objetivo foi quantificar os fatores econômicos relacionados à supressão da vegetação pelos métodos tradicional e seletivo. O custo do método seletivo foi estimado com base no número de indivíduos por hectare, da área de intervenção e do custo por árvore abatida. O custo total do método tradicional foi determinado pela área de intervenção e pelo custo do hectare desflorestado. A transposição de um fragmento com uso de sete torres de 55 m, sem-intervenção na vegetação, gera um acréscimo de apenas 2,8% no custo total, se comparado ao custo do uso de 7 torres de 35m somado aos custos de intervenção seletiva na vegetação. No método seletivo, o número de indivíduos, por hectare, é a variável mais importante, pois indica diretamente o valor a ser gasto com abate de árvores. O método tradicional deve entrar em desuso por não oferecer grandes vantagens em termos técnicos, ambientais e econômicos

MODELOS E MÉTODOS DE ENSINO DA MATEMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA

A constante busca de soluções para melhorar o aprendizado da Matemática faz com que os profissionais da Educação adotem diferentes modelos e métodos de ensino para alcançar teorias e práticas que deem resultados positivos. A importância do planejamento anual, da organização dos conteúdos programáticos nos livros didáticos e da pedagogia diferenciada na Educação Básica é fundamental para melhorar o ensino/aprendizagem da matemática. Os livros, artigos científicos e trabalhos na área da matemática também devem ser escritos numa linguagem simples, fácil e organizada sem abandonar as normas técnicas e científicas, de modo a otimizar suas interpretação

Atlantic mammal traits: a dataset of morphological traits of mammals in the atlantic forest of south America

Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species-level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait-based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from −5.83 to −29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and −34.82 to −56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non-volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.Fil: Gonçalves, Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Bovendorp, Ricardo S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Beca, Gabrielle. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Bello, Carolina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Costa Pereira, Raul. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Muylaert, Renata L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Rodarte, Raisa R.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Villar, Nacho. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Souza, Rafael. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Graipel, Maurício E.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Cherem, Jorge J.. Caipora Cooperativa, Florianopolis; BrasilFil: Faria, Deborah. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; BrasilFil: Baumgarten, Julio. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; BrasilFil: Alvarez, Martín R.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; BrasilFil: Vieira, Emerson M.. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Cáceres, Nilton. Universidade Federal de Santa María. Santa María; BrasilFil: Pardini, Renata. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Leite, Yuri L. R.. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; BrasilFil: Costa, Leonora Pires. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; BrasilFil: Mello, Marco Aurelio Ribeiro. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Fischer, Erich. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Passos, Fernando C.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Varzinczak, Luiz H.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Prevedello, Jayme A.. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Carvalho, Fernando. Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; BrasilFil: Reis Percequillo, Alexandre. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Duarte, José M. B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Bernard, Enrico. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Lamattina, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin

Assessing Biodiversity in Boreal Forests with UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds and Hyperspectral Imaging

Forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems and their biological diversity includes trees, but also other plants, animals, and micro-organisms. One-third of the forested land is in boreal zone; therefore, changes in biological diversity in boreal forests can shape biodiversity, even at global scale. Several forest attributes, including size variability, amount of dead wood, and tree species richness, can be applied in assessing biodiversity of a forest ecosystem. Remote sensing offers complimentary tool for traditional field measurements in mapping and monitoring forest biodiversity. Recent development of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable the detailed characterization of forest ecosystems through providing data with high spatial but also temporal resolution at reasonable costs. The objective here is to deepen the knowledge about assessment of plot-level biodiversity indicators in boreal forests with hyperspectral imagery and photogrammetric point clouds from a UAV. We applied individual tree crown approach (ITC) and semi-individual tree crown approach (semi-ITC) in estimating plot-level biodiversity indicators. Structural metrics from the photogrammetric point clouds were used together with either spectral features or vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral imagery. Biodiversity indicators like the amount of dead wood and species richness were mainly underestimated with UAV-based hyperspectral imagery and photogrammetric point clouds. Indicators of structural variability (i.e., standard deviation in diameter-at-breast height and tree height) were the most accurately estimated biodiversity indicators with relative RMSE between 24.4% and 29.3% with semi-ITC. The largest relative errors occurred for predicting deciduous trees (especially aspen and alder), partly due to their small amount within the study area. Thus, especially the structural diversity was reliably predicted by integrating the three-dimensional and spectral datasets of UAV-based point clouds and hyperspectral imaging, and can therefore be further utilized in ecological studies, such as biodiversity monitoring