Inhibitory role of neem seed kernel extracts and terpenoids on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999)

The effect of neem seed kernel extracts and purified terpenoids on Aspergillus parasiticus in relation to fungal growth, ergosterol synthesis and aflatoxin elaboration was investigated in yeast extract sucrose (YES) liquid medium. Aqueous (0.05, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 %), hexane, methanolic, ethyl acetate and acid-methanolic extracts (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 %) of neem seed kernel were tested at 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 days of incubation. Fungal growth was not affected by aqueous and hexane extracts, while it was inhibited by the methanolic, ethyl acetate and acid-methanolic extracts. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was 73 and 82 % by the aqueous extract at 0.5 and 1.0 % conc, while hexane and ethyl acetate inhibited in a dose dependent manner on day 7. The AFB1/total toxin altered significantly (p<0.01) in the presence of various neem seed kernel extracts, except that of hexane extract. Purified terpenoids, azadirachtin, nimbin and salannin had no inhibitory effect on fungal biomass and aflatoxin elaboration at 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % levels. Azadirachtin at 0.25 and 0.5 % level inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis by 30 and 34 %, respectively. Neem seed kernel extracts were inhibitive to the fungal growth, ergosterol biosynthesis and toxin elaboration as compared to purified neem terpenoids, suggesting anti-fungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties

Inhibitory role of neem seed kernel extracts and terpenoids on growth and aflatoxin production by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Aspergillus parasiticus</i> (NRRL 2999)

20-33The effect of neem seed kernel extracts and purified terpenoids on Aspergillus parasiticus in relation to fungal growth, ergosterol synthesis and aflatoxin elaboration was investigated in yeast extract sucrose (YES) liquid medium. Aqueous (0.05, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 %), hexane, methanolic, ethyl acetate and acid-methanolic extracts (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 %) of neem seed kernel were tested at 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 days of incubation. Fungal growth was not affected by aqueous and hexane extracts, while it was inhibited by the methanolic, ethyl acetate and acid-methanolic extracts. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was 73 and 82 % by the aqueous extract at 0.5 and 1.0 % conc, while hexane and ethyl acetate inhibited in a dose dependent manner on day 7. The AFB1/total toxin altered significantly (p<0.01) in the presence of various neem seed kernel extracts, except that of hexane extract. Purified terpenoids, azadirachtin, nimbin and salannin had no inhibitory effect on fungal biomass and aflatoxin elaboration at 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % levels. Azadirachtin at 0.25 and 0.5 % level inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis by 30 and 34 %, respectively. Neem seed kernel extracts were inhibitive to the fungal growth, ergosterol biosynthesis and toxin elaboration as compared to purified neem terpenoids, suggesting anti-fungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties

Substrate suitability of neem seed kernel for the growth and elaboration of aflatoxins by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Aspergillus parasiticus </i>(NRRL 2999)

395-406Neem seed kernels artificially infested with Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) was evaluated for aflatoxin elaboration and fungal growth, and compared with groundnut, a high risk commodity for aflatoxin contamination. At optimal moisture content (10-12%) the total, individual toxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) and ergosterol content increased and showed maximum levels on day 9. Crude protein and polyphenols increased while, fat and total sugar content decreased during the period of infection. The protein content correlated positively (r = 0.734) with total toxin levels, whereas fat content (r = -0.761) and total sugars (r = -0.891) showed negative correlation and they were all statistically significant (p0.01). The polyphenols showed negative and non-significant correlation with total toxin levels. Azadirachtin one of the major active principles of neem seed kernel showed significant decrease on day 3 (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">PP<0.01). Neem seed kernel has shown 54 and 74% less aflatoxin production on day 9 and 12, respectively in comparison to groundnut seeds. Ergosterol content also showed 60% decrease on day 9, conferring it a poor substrate for fungal growth and aflatoxin elaboration

Association between severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and poor motor neurodevelopmental outcome

During the final (third) trimester outside of the womb, the retina develops significantly and is vulnerable to problems. Similar to how the cerebral cortex does, the cerebellum also grows quickly during this time and is susceptible to upsetting environmental influences. The only factors that show promise for lowering the incidence and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity among high-risk infants are prematurity prevention, preeclampsia control, and prudent use of oxygen therapy and ventilation. The third trimester is when the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and retina develop. These areas are vulnerable to environmental influences if their development is interrupted. Throughout childhood and adolescence, neurodevelopmental defects have been linked to impaired cortical development and smaller brain volumes. Reduced cerebellar volumes have been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder, lower motor performance, impaired executive functioning, and poorer cognitive outcomes. The complete avascular retina, as well as the peripheral retina, should be treated during retinal ablation with laser photocoagulation (using a transpupillary diode, 11 argon, and three FD-YAG) or cryoablation as failing to do so promotes disease progression and results in unfavorable anatomical and refractive outcomes