Gateway Modeling and Simulation Plan

This plan institutes direction across the Gateway Program and the Element Projects to ensure that Cross Program M&S are produced in a manner that (1) generate the artifacts required for NASA-STD-7009 compliance, (2) ensures interoperability of M&S exchanged and integrated across the program and, (3) drives integrated development efforts to provide cross-domain integrated simulation of the Gateway elements, space environment, and operational scenarios. This direction is flowed down via contractual enforcement to prime contractors and includes both the GMS requirements specified in this plan and the NASASTD- 7009 derived requirements necessary for compliance. Grounding principles for management of Gateway Models and Simulations (M&S) are derived from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) report and the Diaz team report, A Renewed Commitment to Excellence. As an outcome of these reports, and in response to Action 4 of the Diaz team report, the NASA Standard for Models and Simulations, NASA-STD-7009 was developed. The standard establishes M&S requirements for development and use activities to ensure proper capture and communication of M&S pedigree and credibility information to Gateway program decision makers. Through the course of the Gateway program life cycle M&S will be heavily relied upon to conduct analysis, test products, support operations activities, enable informed decision making and ultimately to certify the Gateway with an acceptable level of risk to crew and mission. To reduce risk associated with M&S influenced decisions, this plan applies the NASA-STD-7009 requirements to produce the artifacts that support credibility assessments and ensure the information is communicated to program management

Adjuvants : an essential component of neisseria vaccines

Adjuvants may be classified into delivery systems and immune potentiator or modulator molecules based on their mechanism of action. Neisseria vaccines containing traditional adjuvants such as aluminium salts have existed for long time, but meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups, particularly serogroup B, continues to be a global health problem. Novel strategies have applied in silico and recombinant technologies to develop "universal" antigens (e.g. proteins, peptides and plasmid DNA) for vaccines, but these antigens have been shown to be poorly immunogenic even when alum adjuvanted, implying a need for better vaccine design. In this work we review the use of natural, detoxified, or synthetic molecules in combination with antigens to activate the innate immune system and to modulate the adaptive immune responses. In the main, antigenic and imune potentiator signals are delivered using nano-, micro-particles, alum, or emulsions. The importance of interaction between adjuvants and antigens to activate and target dendritic cells, the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, will be discussed. In addition, nasal vaccine strategies based on the development of mucosal adjuvants and Neisseria derivatives to eliminate the pathogen at the site of infection provide promising adjuvants effective not only against respiratory pathogens, but also against pathogens responsible for enteric and sexually transmitted diseases

Association between agility and speed with changes of direction in young players

Identificar factores asociados al máximo rendimiento en el fútbol posibilitará mejorar el proceso de planificación deportiva en etapas tempranas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la asociación entre la agilidad y la velocidad con cambios de dirección (VCD) en jóvenes futbolistas (JF). Participaron voluntariamente dieciocho hombres entre los 10 y 13 años los cuales aplicaron el test de 20 metros con cambios de dirección (T20CD) y el test de agilidad Illinois (TAI). El análisis estadístico se realizó en el IBM SPSS V.22 en el cual se fijó para la significancia un p0,05) y no normal en TAI (p<0,05), el coeficiente correlacional de Spearman (r = 0,06; p = 0,8) evidenció una relación poco significativa (p<0,05). Por lo tanto se concluye que no existe asociación significativa entre la agilidad y la VCD en JF

Optical Light Curve of the Type Ia Supernova 1998bu in M96 and the Supernova Calibration of the Hubble Constant

We present the UBVRI light curves of the Type Ia supernova SN 1998bu which appeared in the nearby galaxy M96 (NGC 3368). M96 is a spiral galaxy in the Leo I group which has a Cepheid-based distance. Our photometry allows us to calculate the absolute magnitude and reddening of this supernova. These data, when combined with measurements of the four other well-observed supernovae with Cepheid based distances, allow us to calculate the Hubble constant with respect to the Hubble flow defined by the distant Calan/Tololo Type Ia sample. We find a Hubble constant of 64.0 +/- 2.2(internal) +/- 3.5(external) km/s/Mpc, consistent with most previous estimates based on Type Ia supernovae. We note that the two well-observed Type Ia supernovae in Fornax, if placed at the Cepheid distance to the possible Fornax spiral NGC 1365, are apparently too faint with respect to the Calan/Tololo sample calibrated with the five Type Ia supernovae with Cepheid distances to the host galaxies.Comment: AAS LaTeX, 20 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. Figure 1 (finding chart) not include

INDICADORES FUNCIONALES EN PATINADORES SELECCIÓN NORTE DE SANTANDER A TRAVÉS DE UN TEST EN CICLOERGÓMETRO

El patinaje de carreras como otros deportes es necesario evaluar a los deportistas para llevar un control deportivo, sin embargo, a nivel de nuestra región, son escasas. En consecuencia, el objetivo fue controlar las variables fisiológicas de la Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima (FCmáx), VO2máx y Umbral Anaeróbico (UA) en Patinadores de la Selección del Departamento Norte de Santander a través de un test en cicloergómetro. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, correlacional con enfoque cuantitativo y una muestra no probabilística intencionada conformada por cuatro hombres (edad 16,50±1,73 años; estatura 1,62±0,08 m; peso corporal de 59,88±9,55 kg) y cuatro mujeres (edad 19,50±6,45 años; estatura de 1,64±0,11 m; peso corporal de 59,58±14,96 kg) con larga experiencia en el patinaje. Para la prueba se utilizó un Cicloergómetro Monark y un pulsómetro POLAR obteniéndose valores de Potencia Máxima (PM), Carga de trabajo (CT), VO2máx y FCmáx. El análisis de datos se usó el software PSPP, determinando valores medios y desviaciones estándar obtenidos en la prueba, así mismo se aplicó una prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney para comparar las medias entre géneros. Los resultados obtenidos en la prueba T Student determinaron diferencias significativas en potencia máxima y carga de trabajo entre ambos géneros (p0,05). En conclusión, los patinadores masculinos presentan diferencias significativas en la PM, CT y VO2máx con respecto a las mujeres, no obstante, el UA de las mujeres fue superior al de los hombres pese de no existir diferencias significativas de la FC-UA y FCmáx

Asociación entre la agilidad y la velocidad con cambios de dirección en jóvenes futbolistas

Identify factors associated with maximum performance in soccer will enable streamlining the sports planning in the early stages. This study was objective to determine the association between agility and speed with changes in direction (SCD) in young soccer players (YS). Participated voluntarily eighteen men between 10 and 13 years which applied the test of 20 meters with changes of direction (T20CD) and the test of agility Illinois (TAI). The statistical analysis was performed in the IBM SPSS V.22 in which a is set to the significance a p&lt;0,05. The results in Shapiro-Wilk normality test indicated normality of data in T20CD (p&gt;0,05) and not normal in TAI (p&lt;0,05), the coeficient correlational of Spearman (r = 0,06; p = 0,8) was a little significant relationship (p&lt;0,05). Therefore it is concluded that there is no significant association between agility and SCD in YS.Identificar factores asociados al máximo rendimiento en el fútbol posibilitará mejorar el proceso de planificación deportiva en etapas tempranas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la asociación entre la agilidad y la velocidad con cambios de dirección (VCD) en jóvenes futbolistas (JF). Participaron voluntariamente dieciocho hombres entre los 10 y 13 años los cuales aplicaron el test de 20 metros con cambios de dirección (T20CD) y el test de agilidad Illinois (TAI). El análisis estadístico se realizó en el IBM SPSS V.22 en el cual se fijó para la significancia un p&lt;0,05. Los resultados en la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk indicó normalidad de los datos en T20CD (p&gt;0,05) y no normal en TAI (p&lt;0,05), el coeficiente correlacional de Spearman (r = 0,06; p = 0,8) evidenció una relación poco significativa (p&lt;0,05). Por lo tanto se concluye que no existe asociación significativa entre la agilidad y la VCD en JF.

Evaluation of bactericidal activity of monoclonal antibodies obtained from Neisseria meningitidis

Introduction: Serum Bactericidal Assays (SBAs) are considered as the gold standard to evaluate the immunogenicity of many vaccine formulations against infectious agents, for example Neisseria meningitidis vaccines. SBAs are also used to evaluate vaccine lots before release to the market, because it has been demonstrated that there is a correlation between bactericidal antibody titers and protection. For Laboratory and Clinical Good Practice, it is very important to have a positive control in each assay. To our knowledge, there is no commercial positive control to serve this function, therefore the purpose of this work was to evaluate a monoclonal antibody (mAb) panel against N. meningitidis strains produced at Institute Finlay of Vaccines as a reference material in the established bactericidal assay, with the advantage of high homogeneity and specificity and relative low cost of the mAbs test agents. Materials and Methods: Specificity of a panel of mAbs was evaluated by a whole cell enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). The positive mAbs were then tested for bactericidal effect against target strains: F8238 (serogroup A), CU385/83 y NZ228/98 (serogroup B) and C11 (serogroup C). Determinations were carried out in triplicate and the mean was calculated. Results: In this study, we positively identified five mAbs out of seven that recognised specific, selected N. meningitidis strains. However, only three mAbs (anti-PsA, anti-P1.15 and anti-P1.4) showed bactericidal activity with their homologous strain, and this was related to the mAbs subclass. Conclusions: Three monoclonal antibodies presented bactericidal activity and they have the potential to be used as positive controls in bactericidal assays

Climate Vulnerability and the Cost of Debt

We use indices from the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative to investigate the impact of climate vulnerability on bond yields. Our methodology invokes panel ordinary least squares with robust standard errors and principal component analysis. The latter serves to address the multicollinearity between a set of vulnerability measures. We find that countries with higher exposure to climate vulnerability, such as the member countries of the V20 climate vulnerable forum, exhibit 1.174 percent higher cost of debt on average. This effect is significant after accounting for a set of macroeconomic controls. Specifically, we estimate the incremental debt cost due to higher climate vulnerability, for the V20 countries, to have exceeded USD 62 billion over the last ten years. In other words, for every ten dollars they pay in interest cost, they pay another dollar for being climate vulnerable. We also find that a measure of social readiness, which includes education and infrastructure, has a negative and significant effect on bond yields, implying that social and physical investments can mitigate climate risk related debt costs and help to stabilize the cost of debt for vulnerable countries

A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns

International audienceWe describe the large-scale meteorological conditions that affected atmospheric chemistry over Mexico during March 2006 when several field campaigns were conducted in the region. In-situ and remote-sensing instrumentation was deployed to obtain measurements of wind, temperature, and humidity profiles in the boundary layer and free atmosphere at four primary sampling sites in central Mexico. Several models were run operationally during the field campaign to provide forecasts of the local, regional, and synoptic meteorology as well as the predicted location of the Mexico City pollutant plume for aircraft flight planning purposes. Field campaign measurements and large-scale analyses are used to define three regimes that characterize the overall meteorological conditions: the first regime prior to 14 March, the second regime between 14 and 23 March, and the third regime after 23 March. Mostly sunny and dry conditions with periods of cirrus and marine stratus along the coast occurred during the first regime. The beginning of the second regime was characterized by a sharp increase in humidity over the central plateau and the development of late afternoon convection associated with the passage of a weak cold surge on 14 March. Over the next several days, the atmosphere over the central plateau became drier so that deep convection gradually diminished. The third regime began with the passage of a strong cold surge that lead to humidity, afternoon convection, and precipitation over the central plateau that was higher than during the second regime. The frequency and intensity of fires, as determined by satellite measurements, also diminished significantly after the third cold surge. The synoptic-scale flow patterns that govern the transport of pollutants in the region are described and compared to previous March periods to put the transport into a climatological context. The complex terrain surrounding Mexico City produces local and regional circulations that govern short-range transport; however, the mean synoptic conditions modulate the thermally-driven circulations and on several days the near-surface flow is coupled to the ambient winds aloft