Las tres manzanas: búsqueda de orientaciones educativas para la multidisciplinariedad

Las ciencias naturales, ciencias sociales y humanidades son tres grandes conjuntos de disciplinas que tienden a estar desintegrados y a marginar desde cada uno a los otros, lo que manifiesta y causa serios problemas culturales. Con elementos de neurología, antropología, lógica y semiótica, se revisan los mecanismos que posibilitan los tres conjuntos disciplinares para saber cómo funcionan y por qué tienden a marginarse, con el objeto de lograr su integración desde un proceso educativo donde dialoguen y recuperen su complementariedad. Teniendo la materia Conocimiento y Cultura, que se ofrece desde el Centro de Formación Humana del ITESO, como ámbito de incidencia para la aplicar lo propuesto, se hace un análisis de los programas de los diversos maestros que la imparten para evaluar su proximidad y afinidad con la propuesta, y con ello sugerir orientaciones educativas que, desde la propuesta, faciliten una multidisciplinariedad al servicio del modelo social de la universidad.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologí

The Hot Gas Environment of the Radio Galaxy 3C 388: Quenching the Accumulation of Cool Gas in a Cluster Core by a Nuclear Outburst

We present results from a 35 ks {\em Chandra}/ACIS-I observation of the hot ICM around the FR II radio galaxy 3C 388. 3C 388 resides in a cluster environment with an ICM temperature of $\sim$3.5 keV. We detect cavities in the ICM coincident with the radio lobes. The enthalpy of these cavities is $\sim1.2\times10^{60}$ ergs. The work done on the gas by the inflation of the lobes is $\sim3\times10^{59}$ ergs, or $\sim$0.87 keV per particle out to the radius of the lobes. The radiative timescale for gas at the center of the cluster at the current temperature is a few Gyrs. The gas in the core was probably cooler and denser before the outburst, so the cooling time was considerably shorter. We are therefore likely to be witnessing the quenching of a cluster cooling flow by a radio galaxy outburst. The mechanical power of the lobes is at least 20 times larger than the radiative losses out to the cooling radius. Outbursts of similar power with a $\sim$5% duty cycle would be more than sufficient to continually reheat the cluster core over the Hubble time and prevent the cooling of any significant amount of gas. The mechanical power of the outburst is also roughly two orders of magnitude larger than either the X-ray luminosity of the active nucleus or the radio luminosity of the lobes. The equipartition pressure of the radio lobes is more than an order of magnitude lower than that of the ambient medium, indicating that the pressure of the lobe is dominated by something other than the relativistic electrons radiating at GHz frequencies.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures - accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Limpieza de los materiales pétreos de la Catedral de Valladolid (España)

Two types of black crusts showing gypsiferous and calcareous compositions are recognized on the front-walls of the Valladolid Cathedral. On the basis of several petrophysical parameters, in particular compacity, sorption and desorption kinematics of carbonate rocks used building the cathedral, we conclude that the most appropriate cleaning method of the ashlars is washing with water. Highest efficiency of the method is attained with water at 90ºC and at a pressure of 120 bars. This assessment is valid for most of the carbonate rocks of the cathedral except for detrital pelmicrites because of their low compacity which makes that water pressure for cleaning must not exceed 50 bars. The processing of cleaning with water should be preceded by alkaline treatment (NaOH and EDTA) of the rock surface.Atendiendo a los parámetros petrofisicos (compacidad, cinemática de sorción y desorción) de las diferentes facies carbonáticas con las que se construyó la catedral, se determina que el método idóneo para llevar a cabo la limpieza de sus sillares es con agua. La mayor efectividad se alcanza con una temperatura del agua de 90ºC y una presión de 120 bares, a excepción de las pelmicritas detríticas, que dada su baja compacidad la presión no puede ser superior a los 50 bares. Para la eliminación de las costras negras es necesario aplicar previamente un tratamiento alcalino a base de hidróxido sódico y EDTA

Diseño de estrategias centradas en el aprendizaje para las visitas escolares a los museos de ciencias

Las visitas a los Museos de Ciencias pueden constituir un complemento al aprendizaje de las ciencias realizado en la Escuela. Sin embargo, los Museos de Ciencias son entornos de aprendizaje no formal donde los profesores solemos tener poco control sobre las ideas implicadas o las experiencias que los estudiantes realizan. En el caso de visitas escolares, para que el Museo constituya un auténtico instrumento de aprendizaje son necesarios enfoques y estrategias centrados en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes más que en tareas de manipulación de módulos. Será necesario, diseñar materiales para la visita al Museo que integren el aprendizaje en la Escuela y en el Museo, que estimulen el interés y curiosidad de los estudiantes promoviendo un aprendizaje autónomo mediante trabajo en grupo orientado por el profesor. En este trabajo se explica cómo hemos elaborado estos materiales y sus principales características.Palabras clave: aprendizaje no formal, estrategias centradas en el aprendizaje, manipulación de módulos, museos de Ciencia, visitas escolares.Design of strategies focused on learning for school visits to science museumsVisits to the Science Museums can be a complement to Science learning at the School. However, Science Museums are non-formal learning environments where teachers tend to have little control over the ideas involved or the experiences that the students make. In the case of school visits, in order for the Museum to constitute a true learning instrument, it is necessary to focus on strategies and strategies focused on student learning rather than on module manipulation tasks. It will be necessary to design materials for the visit to the Museum that integrate the learning in the School and in the Museum, that stimulate the interest and curiosity of the students promoting an autonomous learning through work in group guided by the teacher. This paper explains how we have developed these materials and their main characteristics.Key words: non-formal learning, strategies focused on learning, manipulation of modules, science museums, school visits

Diseño de estrategias centradas en el aprendizaje para las visitas escolares a los museos de ciencias

Las visitas a los Museos de Ciencias pueden constituir un complemento al aprendizaje de las ciencias realizado en la Escuela. Sin embargo, los Museos de Ciencias son entornos de aprendizaje no formal donde los profesores solemos tener poco control sobre las ideas implicadas o las experiencias que los estudiantes realizan. En el caso de visitas escolares, para que el Museo constituya un auténtico instrumento de aprendizaje son necesarios enfoques y estrategias centrados en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes más que en tareas de manipulación de módulos. Será necesario, diseñar materiales para la visita al Museo que integren el aprendizaje en la Escuela y en el Museo, que estimulen el interés y curiosidad de los estudiantes promoviendo un aprendizaje autónomo mediante trabajo en grupo orientado por el profesor. En este trabajo se explica cómo hemos elaborado estos materiales y sus principales características

Domain integral equations for electromagnetic band-gap slab simulations

Trabajo presentado al International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, URSI 2004.Electromagnetic band-gap substrates o er advantages regarding cross-coupling in sub-mm range imaging array applications. Electromagnetic scattering by such substrates may e ectively be formulated in terms of integro- di erential equations. The scattered elds are evaluated via the spectral domain in which the 3-D problem reduces to an in nite system of coupled 1-D integro-di erential equations. The associated matrix-vector products are dominated by FFTs. For moderate frequencies an elementary preconditioner in combination with a prudent initial estimate usually su ces to reach rapid convergence using the transpose-free quasi-minimal residual method.The research presented above has been financially supported by ESA/ESTEC, under Contract No. 15632/01/NL/JA

Autologous stem cell transplantation vs bortezomib based chemotheraphy for the first‐line treatment of systemic light chain amyloidosis in the UK

OBJECTIVES: The benefit of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in the treatment of light chain (AL) amyloidosis requires re-evaluation in the modern era. This retrospective case-matched study compares ASCT to bortezomib for the treatment of patients with AL amyloidosis. METHODS: Newly diagnosed patients with AL amyloidosis treated with ASCT or bortezomib between 2001-2018 were identified. Patients were excluded if the time from diagnosis to treatment exceeded 12 months. Patients were matched on a 1:1 basis, using a propensity matched scoring approach. RESULTS: A total of 136 propensity-score matched patients were included (ASCT n= 68, bortezomib n=68). There was no significant difference in overall survival at two years (p=0.908, HR: 0.95, CI:0.41-2.20). For ASCT vs. bortezomib: overall haematological response rate at six months was 90.6% vs. 92.5%; organ response at 12 months: cardiac (70.0% vs. 54%, p>0.999), renal (74% vs.24%, p=0.463)) liver (21% vs. 22%, p=0.048); median progression free survival (50 vs. 42 months p=0.058, HR:0.61, CI:0.37-1.02) and time to next treatment (68 vs. 45 months, p=0.145, HR:0.61, CI:0.31-1.19). More patients required treatment in the bortezomib group compared to ASCT group at 24 months (41 vs. 23, Chi squared p=0.004) and 48 months (57 vs 41, Chi squared p= 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This small retrospective study suggests that there is no clear survival advantage of ASCT over bortezomib therapy. A prospective randomised controlled trial evaluating ASCT in AL amyloidosis is critically needed

A tolerance analysis and optimization methodology: the combined use of 3D CAT, a dimensional hierarchization matrix and an optimization algorithm

We propose a methodology in this study for the analysis and the optimization of assembly tolerances. A combination of three components, it involves the use of 3D CAT software, a table referred to as a “dimensional hierarchization matrix” and a tolerance optimization algorithm. The Antolin Group, a Spanish multinational in the automobile components sector, employs this system to optimize tolerance values and to reduce manufacturing costs. The matrix was designed to enable easy identification, in a single table, of all requirements that fail to meet the specifications in the different approximations, prior to the definition of the dimensional and the geometric tolerances that comply with the functional requirements, and to identify which tolerances contribute most to variations in all of the functional conditions of the mechanism. Through its different iterations, this matrix allows us to see which of the tolerances should first be modified to optimize the design requirement specifications. A tolerance optimization algorithm was also defined, which functions with the data from the dimensional hierarchization matrix