Procjena goriva iz biomase krošanja bora (Pinus brutia Ten.) u mediteranskim područjima Turske

Accurate fuel load estimation is an important prerequisite for effective forest fire management. The aim of this study was to develop empirical allometric equations for the estimation of crown fuel loading of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees of Southwestern Mediterranean region of Turkey using dendrometric variables. For this study, 84 trees were sampled destructively. Branch samples of crown fuel biomass were classified as foliage and as branches within the following diameter ranges: very fine (≤0,3 cm), fine (0,31–0,6 cm), medium (0,61–1.0 cm), thick (1,01–2,5 cm) and active fuels. To estimate the crown biomass, the diameter at breast height, tree height, crown length, and crown width were used as the independent variables. Stepwise function and logarithmic linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships between the fuel biomass and properties of the sampled trees. Among all of the obtained allometric equations, the variation in fine branches was explained the most by crown width and crown length which together explained R2adj of 90.2 of the variation in fine branches. The variation in very fine branches was explained the least by tree height, which only explained R2adj of 60.4% the variation in very fine branches. The total crown fuel loading of Calabrian pine in present study compared with studies distributed in Greece and Turkey indicate, the fuel biomass of Calabrian pines can differ between regions.Točna procjena količine goriva je važan preduvjet za učinkovito upravljanje šumskim požarima. Ovo je istraživanje imalo za cilj razviti empirijske alometrijske jednadžbe za procjenu količine goriva iz krošnji stabala kalabrijskog bora (Pinus brutia Ten.) u jugozapadnom mediteranskom području Turske korištenjem dendrometrijskih varijabli. Destruktivnom metodom uzorkovana su 84 stabla. Uzorci grana u gorivu iz biomase krošnji klasificirani su kao iglice i kao grane prema sljedećem rasponu promjera: vrlo tanke (≤0,3 cm), tanke (0,31–0,6 cm), srednje (0,61–1,0 cm), debele (1,01–2,5 cm) i aktivno gorivo. Za procjenu biomase krošnjanja korištene su prsne visine, visine stabala, visine krošnji i širine krošnji kao neovisne varijable. Za analizu odnosa između goriva iz biomase i značajki uzorkovanih stabala korišteni su stepwise funkcija i modeli logaritamske linearne regresije. Od svih dobivenih alometrijskih jednadžbi, varijacija u tankim granama najbolje je objašnjena širinom krošnji i visinom krošnji, koje zajedno objašnjavaju R2adj od 90.2 varijacije u tankim granama. Varijacija u vrlo tankim granama objašnjena je najslabije visinom stabla, koja samo objašnjava R2adj od 60.4% varijacije u vrlo tankim granama. Ukupna količina goriva iz krošnji kalabrijskog bora u ovom istraživanju u usporedbi s istraživanjima u Grčkoj i Turskoj pokazuje da se gorivo iz biomase kalabrijskog bora može razlikovati od regije do regije

Exploring perceived cognitive load in learning programming via Scratch

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceived cognitive load and its effects on the academic performance in Scratch-based programming. The four main concepts of programming (sequences, operators, conditions and loop) were delivered in the instructional package. Participants were 12 sixth-grade students enrolled at a public secondary school. The results from quantitative and qualitative instruments indicated that students’ perceived cognitive loads were close to each other among four programming concepts. The attractive interface of Scratch was somewhat useful but some parts of the interface were problematic for achieving the programming tasks. This study concludes with suggestions for Scratch practitioners and researchers to pay attention to the sources of cognitive load effects

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for the Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Breast Masses; Utility of ADC and Relative ADC

Purpose: To determine the contribution of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and relative ADC (rADC) values to differentiate between benign and malignant breast masses. Materials and Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of patients with benign or malignant breast masses diagnosed either by histopathological findings or by follow-up imaging were evaluated retrospectively. Histopathological analyses were performed for 71 lesions (80.7%) while the remaining were followed up every six months for one year. DWI was performed using b-values of 0 and 1000 sec/mm2, and ADC and rADC were calculated and compared. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index were used to evaluate the parameter’s optimal threshold and diagnostic value. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: Eighty-eight lesions from a total of 81 patients, aged between 16 and 73 (mean age 42 ± 11.3) years were obtained and evaluated. Pathological results of 34 (38.6%) out of 71 lesions were malignant and 37 lesions (42%) were benign. Seventeen (19.3%) lesions remained stable at one-year follow-up and were accepted as benign breast masses. Mean ADC values of benign and malignant lesions were 1.584 × 10–3mm2/sec and 0.884 x 10–3mm2/sec (p < 0.05), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ADC were 88% and 87%, respectively at a cut-off value of 1.04 x 10–3mm2/sec. Mean rADC was 0.931 for benign lesions and 0.557 for malignant lesions (p < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 83% at a cut-off value of 0.639. No prominent superiority of rADC over ADC is identified in the differentiation of breast masses. Conclusion: ADC and rADC values derived from DWI can be equally useful in clinical setting to differentiate benign from malignant breast masses

Can bile duct injuries be prevented? "A new technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy"

BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has gained worldwide acceptance and considered to be as "gold standard" in the surgical management of symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. However, the incidence of bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still two times greater compared to classic open surgery. The development of bile duct injury may result in biliary cirrhosis and increase in mortality rates. The mostly blamed causitive factor is the misidentification of the anatomy, especially by a surgeon who is at the beginning of his learning curve. Biliary tree injuries may be decreased by direct coloration of the cystic duct, ductus choledochus and even the gall bladder. METHODS: gall bladder fundus was punctured by Veress needle and all the bile was aspirated. The same amount of fifty percent methylene blue diluted by saline solution was injected into the gall bladder for coloration of biliary tree. The dissection of Calot triangle was much more safely performed after obtention of coloration of the gall bladder, cystic duct and choledocus. RESULTS: Between October 2003 and December 2004, overall 46 patients (of which 9 males) with a mean age of 47 (between 24 and 74) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with methylene blue injection technique. The diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis (the thickness of the gall bladder wall was normal) confirmed by pre-operative abdominal ultrasonography in all patients. The diameters of the stones were greater than 1 centimeter in 32 patients and calcula of various sizes being smaller than 1 cm. were documented in 13 cases. One patient was operated for gall bladder polyp (our first case). Successful coloration of the gall bladder, cystic duct and ductus choledochus was possible in 43 patients, whereas only the gall bladder and proximal cystic duct were visualised in 3 cases. In these cases, ductus choledochus visibility was not possible. None of the patients developed bile duct injury. CONCLUSION: The number of bile duct injuries related to anatomic misidentification can be decreased and even vanished by using intraoperative methylene blue injection technique into the gall bladder fundus intraoperatively

Volume CXIV, Number 4, November 7, 1996

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population.Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014.Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%.Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespa

The Relationship Between Parenting Style, Gender and Academic Achievement with Optimism Among Turkish Adolescents

The present study aimed to investigate optimism levels of Turkish adolescents aged between 14 and 18 and its relation with parenting style, gender, and academic achievement. The sample consisted of 1353 students (708 male, 645 female) who volunteered to participate in the study from three high schools in Ankara, Turkey. The Life Orientation Test and Parental Attitude Scale were used as the data collection instruments. The results of ANOVA indicated that the adolescents who had higher academic achievement had higher levels of optimism than those who had lower academic achievement. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the adolescents who perceived their parents as authoritative had relatively higher levels of optimism than those who perceived their parents as authoritarian and neglectful. Results of this study also indicated that the adolescents who characterize their parents as permissive had a relatively higher level of optimism than those who characterize their parents as neglectful and authoritarian

MAND BULAR TAM PROTEZ ÖLÇÜ MODELLER N N ÜÇ BOYUTLU B R ÖLÇÜM YÖNTEM YLE KAR ILA TIRILMASI

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çeşitli ölçü maddeleriyle alınan mandibular alveolar kret ölçülerinin stabilitesinin üç boyutlu bir ölçüm yöntemiyle değerlendirilmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 14 dişsiz hastadan alınan ölçüler kullanıldı. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı. Son ölçü maddesi olarak birinci grupta çinko-oksid öjenol (ZOE), ikinci grupta polivinilsiloksan(PVS) kullanılarak alınan ölçülerden ana modeller elde edildi. Ana modeller üzerinden modifiye şahsi kaşık hazırlanarak hastalardan ölçü alçısı ile yeniden ölçüler alındı. Elde edilen modeller üzerinde sınır çizgileri tahmini olarak çizildi ve alveol kret üzerinde 14 referans noktası belirlendi. Ana modellerin fotoğrafları alındı (Nikon E2/E2s) ve 3 boyutlu görüntüleri elde edildi. Alveolar kret yüksekliği, protezin oturduğu alanın büyüklüğü ve çevresel sınır çizgilerinin uzunluğu 3 boyutlu görüntüler üzerinde ölçüldü.Bulgular: Bu çalışmada ölçü alçısıyla elde edilen modellerdeki ölçüm değerlerinin diğerlerinden yüksek olduğu görüldü. Ölçü alçısıyla bundan düşük değerlerde ölçüm değerleri gösteren çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü modelleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı (p&gt;0.05). Buna karşılık polivinilsiloksan ile elde edilen modellerin ölçüm değerlerinde alveolar kret yüksekliği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma gösterdi (p&lt; 0.05).Sonuç: Ölçü maddesinin alveolar muköz membran üzerindeki etkileri membranın özelliklerine ve şahsi kaşık dizaynına bağlı kalmaktadır. Bu yüzden desteksiz rezidüel kretlere sahip mandibulartam protez hastalarında ölçü maddesinin ve ölçü tekniğinin seçimi oldukça önemlidir. Mandibular tam protez ölçülerinin ölçü alçısı ve çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü maddesi ile alınması önerilmektedir

Mandibular tam protez ölçü modellerinin üç boyutlu bir ölçüm yöntemiyle karşılaştırılması

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Purpose: &lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of this study was to investigate with 3 dimensional measurement system whether the stabil condition of mandibular alveolar ridge may recorded by the impression materials.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study was performed on the 14 edentulous patients. Patients were divided in two groups. Zinc-oxide eugenol (ZOE) impression material was used as a final impression material in group I and Polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) impression material was used in group II and the definitive cast was obtained. A final impression was made again from all patient with a impression plaster (IP) by means of the custom tray has a new design for each patient.  This custom tray was prepared on the definitive cast. The peripheral border line was drawn roughly and the 14 references point were done on the alveolar ridge on the definitive casts. The photographs of the definitive casts were took by Nikon E2/E2s and the three dimensional images were carried out. Height of alveolar ridge, quantity of denture bearing area and length of peripheral border line was measured on the three dimensional images.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;This study showed that all measurement values of the IP were higher than the others. The measurement values of the ZOE were lower than the IP, but not statistically significant (p&amp;gt;0.05). However, the measurement values of PVS showed that the decrease of height of the alveolar ridge was statistically significant (p&amp;lt; 0.05).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The effect of impression materials on the alveolar mucous membrane is vary depending on their properties and the custom tray design. For that reason, it is too important that the choice of impression material and impression technique when the mandibuler complete denture impression is made from edentulous patient has unsupported residual alveolar ridge. It is suggest that an mandibular complete denture impression is made with IP and ZOE.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words: &lt;/strong&gt;Complete denture impression technique, 3-Dimensional measurement system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ÖZET&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amaç: &lt;/strong&gt;Bu çalışmanın amacı çeşitli ölçü maddeleriyle alınan mandibular alveolar kret ölçülerinin stabilitesinin üç boyutlu bir ölçüm yöntemiyle değerlendirilmesidir.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gereç ve Yöntem: &lt;/strong&gt;Bu çalışmada 14 dişsiz hastadan alınan ölçüler kullanıldı. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı. Son ölçü maddesi olarak birinci grupta çinko-oksid öjenol (ZOE), ikinci grupta polivinilsiloksan (PVS) kullanılarak alınan ölçülerden ana modeller elde edildi. Ana modeller üzerinden modifiye şahsi kaşık hazırlanarak hastalardan ölçü alçısı ile yeniden ölçüler alındı. Elde edilen modeller üzerinde sınır çizgileri tahmini olarak çizildi ve alveol kret üzerinde 14 referans noktası belirlendi. Ana modellerin fotoğrafları alındı (Nikon E2/E2s) ve 3 boyutlu görüntüleri elde edildi. Alveolar kret yüksekliği, protezin oturduğu alanın büyüklüğü ve çevresel sınır çizgilerinin uzunluğu 3 boyutlu görüntüler üzerinde ölçüldü.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bulgular: &lt;/strong&gt;Bu çalışmada ölçü alçısıyla elde edilen modellerdeki ölçüm değerlerinin diğerlerinden yüksek olduğu görüldü. Ölçü alçısıyla bundan düşük değerlerde ölçüm değerleri gösteren çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü modelleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı (p&amp;gt;0.05). Buna karşılık polivinilsiloksan ile elde edilen modellerin ölçüm değerlerinde alveolar kret yüksekliği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma gösterdi (p&amp;lt; 0.05).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sonuç: &lt;/strong&gt;Ölçü maddesinin alveolar muköz membran üzerindeki etkileri membranın özelliklerine ve şahsi kaşık dizaynına bağlı kalmaktadır. Bu yüzden desteksiz rezidüel kretlere sahip mandibular tam protez hastalarında ölçü maddesinin ve ölçü tekniğinin seçimi oldukça önemlidir. Mandibular tam protez ölçülerinin ölçü alçısı ve çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü maddesi ile alınması önerilmektedir.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anahtar kelimeler: &lt;/strong&gt;Tam protez ölçü tekniği, 3 boyutlu ölçüm sistemi&lt;/p&gt