Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant ( S. melongena L.): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding

[EN] Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceaeae) is the wild progenitor of common eggplant (S. melongena L.) and is naturally distributed in south and southeast Asia, Madagascar and Mauritius. Despite interest in its potential for eggplant breeding it has not been studied extensively. Solanum insanum has been subjected to various taxonomic treatments, with several discussions and arguments on its delimitation as a species, due to its close similarities with the cultivated S. melongena and the wild species S. incanum L. from the Middle East and northern Africa. Solanum insanum has long been used in a variety of medicinal and culinary preparations across many different Asian ethnolinguistic groups. Limited studies carried out on its chemical composition and pharmacognostical properties coupled with ethnobotanic studies reveal that S. insanum has potential for eggplant improvement with respect to phytochemical properties of interest for human health. Further study of morphological and genetic diversity in S. insanum is essential to promote its utilization in eggplant breeding, in light of its potential to hybridize with cultivated eggplant successfully. Here we compile and review the taxonomy, phytogeography, ecology and habitat characteristics, cytology, ethnobotany, breeding and phytochemical analysis of S. insanum. A comprehensive botanical description and illustrations for S. insanum are provided. A detailed comparison of S. insanum and its closely allied species, S. melongena and S. incanum is also made. The potential of S. insanum for crop improvement and future research priorities are discussed.This work was undertaken as part of the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives" (http://www.cwrdiversity.org/) that is supported by the Government of Norway, managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world; work constructing the database underpinning Solanaceae Source was funded by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0316614 "PBI Solanum: a worldwide treatment" to SK); herbarium visits for SK and XA were funded from the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/) which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 and FP7 "Structuring the European Research Area" Programmes.Ranil, R.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Aubriot, X.; Niran, H.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; Fonseka, R.; Vilanova Navarro, S.... 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The Gene Pool Concept Applied to Crop Wild Relatives: An Evolutionary Perspective

Crop wild relatives (CWR) can provide important resources for the genetic improvement of cultivated species. Because crops are often related to many wild species and because exploration of CWR for useful traits can take many years and substantial resources, the categorization of CWR based on a comprehensive assessment of their potential for use is an important knowledge foundation for breeding programs. The initial approach for categorizing CWR was based on crossing studies to empirically establish which species were interfertile with the crop. The foundational concept of distinct gene pools published almost 50 years ago was developed from these observations. However, the task of experimentally assessing all potential CWR proved too vast; therefore, proxies based on phylogenetic and other advanced scientific information have been explored. A current major approach to categorize CWR aims to comprehensively synthesize experimental data, taxonomic information, and phylogenetic studies. This approach very often ends up relying not only on the synthesis of data but also intuition and expert opinion and is therefore difficult to apply widely in a reproducible manner. Here, we explore the potential for a stronger standardization of the categorization method, with focus on evolutionary relationships among species combined with information on patterns of interfertility between species. Evolutionary relationships can be revealed with increasing resolution via next-generation sequencing, through the application of the multispecies coalescent model and using focused analyses on species discovery and delimitation that bridge population genetics and phylogenetics fields. Evolutionary studies of reproductive isolation can inform the understanding of patterns of interfertility in plants. For CWR, prezygotic postpollination reproductive barriers and intrinsic postzygotic barriers are the most important factors and determine the probability of producing viable and fertile offspring. To further the assessment of CWR for use in plant breeding, we present observed and predicted gene pool indices. The observed index quantifies patterns of interfertility based on fertilization success, seed production, offspring viability, and hybrid fertility. The predicted gene pool index requires further development of the understanding of quantitative and qualitative relationships between reproductive barriers, measures of genetic relatedness, and other relevant characteristics for crops and their wild relatives

Chaos revisited: nomenclature and typification of the Malagasy endemic Euphorbia subgenus Lacanthis (Raf.) M.G. Gilbert.

Malagasy relatives of the Crown-of-Th orns (Euphorbia milii Des Moul.) are well known worldwide for their ornamental value. Malagasy taxa account for almost 10% of the genus Euphorbia L., with 110 accepted names constituting subgenus Lacanthis (Raf.) M.G.Gilbert. Th e chaotic taxonomy combined with the poor state of preservation of most herbarium specimens makes the systematic study of this huge genus a quite diffi cult task. Th is paper off ers a nomenclatural account of all the published names with a recapitulatory list citing all the accepted names in subgenus Lacanthis as a fi rst step towards the revision of the group

''Multiple ossifying trichilemmal cysts of the scalp: A familial case''

Mommers, X. -A. | Henault, B. | Aubriot, M. -H. | Trost, O. | Malka, G. | Zwetyenga, N.International audience''Introduction. The trichilemmal cyst, also called pilar cyst, is a dermal epithelial cyst originating from the pilaf. follicle. It usually occurs in the scalp. Hereditary and ossifying cases are rare. Case report. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman presenting with familial multiple trichilemmal cysts, located in the scalp. The histological examination after surgical exeresis confirmed the diagnosis. The trichilemmal cysts featured intra-cystic ossification. The wide dimension of the lesions dimension imposed an extensive surgical scalp exeresis. Reconstruction was performed with a flap after skin expansion. Discussion. The trichilemmal cyst is a benign tumor of skin appendages with a slow outcome. Multiple locations may require an extensive surgical scalp exeresis and lead to a problematic reconstruction. Hereditary cases require familial follow-up to prevent such problems. (c) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.'